A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a transforming growth factor beta receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a supramolecular fiber, a polymer consisting of an indefinite number of protein or protein complex subunits that have polymerised to form a fiber-shaped structure.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton).

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth.

The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure.

The process of targeting specific proteins to particular regions of the cell, typically membrane-bounded subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif.

A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a transforming growth factor beta receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a transforming growth factor beta receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a transforming growth factor beta receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult).

The controlled release of proteins from a cell.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of activity of any TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein.

The regulated release of growth hormone from secretory granules into the blood.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation.

The release of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) from its latent state. TGF-beta is secreted as part of a large latent complex (LLC) that is targeted to the extracellular matrix. Release of TGFbeta from its latent state is required for TGFbeta to bind to its receptors, and can occur by a variety of mechanisms.

The release of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) from its latent state. TGF-beta is secreted as part of a large latent complex (LLC) that is targeted to the extracellular matrix. Release of TGFbeta from its latent state is required for TGFbeta to bind to its receptors, and can occur by a variety of mechanisms.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation, the process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone resorption.

The continuous turnover of bone matrix and mineral that involves first, an increase in resorption (osteoclastic activity) and later, reactive bone formation (osteoblastic activity). The process of bone remodeling takes place in the adult skeleton at discrete foci. The process ensures the mechanical integrity of the skeleton throughout life and plays an important role in calcium homeostasis. An imbalance in the regulation of bone resorption and bone formation results in many of the metabolic bone diseases, such as osteoporosis.

The regulated release of hormones, substances with a specific regulatory effect on a particular organ or group of cells.

The process in which bones are generated and organized.

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lung saccule from an initial condition to its mature state. The lung saccule is the primitive gas exchange portion of the lung composed of type I and type II cells.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a supramolecular fiber, a polymer consisting of an indefinite number of protein or protein complex subunits that have polymerised to form a fiber-shaped structure.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal stem cell proliferation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal stem cell proliferation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation.

Extracellular matrix components occurring independently or along with elastin. Thought to have force-bearing functions in tendon. In addition to fibrillins, microfibrils may contain other associated proteins.

That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid.

The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.

An extracellular matrix consisting mainly of proteins (especially collagen) and glycosaminoglycans (mostly as proteoglycans) that provides not only essential physical scaffolding for the cellular constituents but can also initiate crucial biochemical and biomechanical cues required for tissue morphogenesis, differentiation and homeostasis. The components are secreted by cells in the vicinity and form a sheet underlying or overlying cells such as endothelial and epithelial cells.

The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.

A structure lying external to one or more cells, which provides structural support, biochemical or biomechanical cues for cells or tissues.

An extracellular matrix consisting mainly of proteins (especially collagen) and glycosaminoglycans (mostly as proteoglycans) that provides not only essential physical scaffolding for the cellular constituents but can also initiate crucial biochemical and biomechanical cues required for tissue morphogenesis, differentiation and homeostasis. The components are secreted by cells in the vicinity and form a sheet underlying or overlying cells such as endothelial and epithelial cells.

An extracellular matrix consisting mainly of proteins (especially collagen) and glycosaminoglycans (mostly as proteoglycans) that provides not only essential physical scaffolding for the cellular constituents but can also initiate crucial biochemical and biomechanical cues required for tissue morphogenesis, differentiation and homeostasis. The components are secreted by cells in the vicinity and form a sheet underlying or overlying cells such as endothelial and epithelial cells.

A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm.

An supramolecular fiber that consists of an insoluble core of polymerized tropoelastin monomers and a surrounding mantle of microfibrils. Elastic fibers provide elasticity and recoiling to tissues and organs, and maintain structural integrity against mechanical strain.

The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.

A structure lying external to one or more cells, which provides structural support, biochemical or biomechanical cues for cells or tissues.

A structure lying external to one or more cells, which provides structural support, biochemical or biomechanical cues for cells or tissues.

A structure lying external to one or more cells, which provides structural support, biochemical or biomechanical cues for cells or tissues.

A structure lying external to one or more cells, which provides structural support, biochemical or biomechanical cues for cells or tissues.

A stable assembly of two or more macromolecules, i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids, in which at least one component is a protein and the constituent parts function together.