The process in which a microtubule is broken down into smaller segments.

The formation of a protein hexamer, a macromolecular structure consisting of six noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits.

The process in which a microtubule is broken down into smaller segments.

The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of identical component monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer.

A process that results in a parallel arrangement of microtubules.

A cell cycle process that results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after mitosis, resulting in the separation of the original cell into two daughter cells.

Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising microtubules and their associated proteins.

The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell body toward the cell periphery in nerve cell axons.

The cell cycle transition where a cell leaves M phase and enters a new G1 phase. M phase is the part of the mitotic cell cycle during which mitosis and cytokinesis take place.

The directed movement of mitochondria along microtubules in nerve cell axons.

The reformation of the nuclear envelope following its breakdown in the context of a normal process.

The process in which a microtubule is broken down into smaller segments.

The controlled breakdown of the spindle during a mitotic cell cycle.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the separation of a single continuous membrane into two membranes.

The removal of tubulin heterodimers from one or both ends of a microtubule.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving ATP, adenosine triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator.

The cell cycle process in which replicated homologous chromosomes are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two sets during the mitotic cell cycle. Each replicated chromosome, composed of two sister chromatids, aligns at the cell equator, paired with its homologous partner. One homolog of each morphologic type goes into each of the resulting chromosome sets.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures formed of microtubules and associated proteins in the cytoplasm of a cell.

The developmentally regulated remodeling of neuronal projections such as pruning to eliminate the extra dendrites and axons projections set up in early stages of nervous system development.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite morphogenesis.

The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic growth at neuromuscular junctions.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendrite over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dendrite is a freely branching protoplasmic process of a nerve cell.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chaeta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A chaeta is a sensory multicellular cuticular outgrowth of a specifically differentiated cell.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration.

A cellular process that is involved in cytokinesis (the division of the cytoplasm of a cell and its separation into two daughter cells).

Progression of the wing disc over time, from its initial formation through to its metamorphosis to form adult structures including the wing hinge, wing blade and pleura.

The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of identical component monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins.

The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an osteoblast, a mesodermal or neural crest cell that gives rise to bone.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor internalization.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of endosomes.

Any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs as the result of experience.

The activities involved in the mental information processing system that receives (registers), modifies, stores, and retrieves informational stimuli. The main stages involved in the formation and retrieval of memory are encoding (processing of received information by acquisition), storage (building a permanent record of received information as a result of consolidation) and retrieval (calling back the stored information and use it in a suitable way to execute a given task).

The multiplication or reproduction of osteoblasts, resulting in the expansion of an osteoblast cell population. An osteoblast is a bone-forming cell which secretes an extracellular matrix. Hydroxyapatite crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide covalently tagged with ubiquitin, via the multivesicular body (MVB) sorting pathway; ubiquitin-tagged proteins are sorted into MVBs, and delivered to a lysosome/vacuole for degradation.

The directed movement of substances from late endosomes to the vacuole. In yeast, after transport to the prevacuolar compartment, endocytic content is delivered to the late endosome and on to the vacuole. This pathway is analogous to endosome to lysosome transport.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a multi-organism process in which a virus is a participant.

Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glutamatergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter glutamate.

The process of physically separating progeny cells after cytokinesis; this may involve enzymatic digestion of septum or cell wall components.

The process of physically separating progeny cells after cytokinesis; this may involve enzymatic digestion of septum or cell wall components.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleus.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleus.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear envelope.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole.

The cell cycle process in which chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate, a plane halfway between the poles of the mitotic spindle, during mitosis.

The cell cycle process in which chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate, a plane halfway between the poles of the mitotic spindle, during mitosis.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spermatid over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The controlled shedding of a body part.

Any process involved in the formation of branches in plant hair cells. An example of this process is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the error-free repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the broken DNA molecule is repaired using homologous sequences.

The directed movement of substances into, out of, or mediated by an endosome, a membrane-bounded organelle that carries materials newly ingested by endocytosis. It passes many of the materials to lysosomes for degradation.

The directed movement of substances into, out of, or mediated by an endosome, a membrane-bounded organelle that carries materials newly ingested by endocytosis. It passes many of the materials to lysosomes for degradation.

The major inducible pathway for the general turnover of cytoplasmic constituents in eukaryotic cells, it is also responsible for the degradation of active cytoplasmic enzymes and organelles during nutrient starvation. Macroautophagy involves the formation of double-membrane-bounded autophagosomes which enclose the cytoplasmic constituent targeted for degradation in a membrane-bounded structure. Autophagosomes then fuse with a lysosome (or vacuole) releasing single-membrane-bounded autophagic bodies that are then degraded within the lysosome (or vacuole). Though once thought to be a purely non-selective process, it appears that some types of macroautophagy, e.g. macropexophagy, macromitophagy, may involve selective targeting of the targets to be degraded.

A set of processes which all viruses follow to ensure survival; includes attachment and entry of the virus particle, decoding of genome information, translation of viral mRNA by host ribosomes, genome replication, and assembly and release of viral particles containing the genome.

The dissemination of mature viral particles from the host cell, e.g. by cell lysis or the budding of virus particles from the cell membrane.

The dissemination of mature viral particles from the host cell, e.g. by cell lysis or the budding of virus particles from the cell membrane.

The process in which a multicellular organism, a unicellular organism or a group of unicellular organisms grow in a threadlike, filamentous shape.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell, and its separation into two daughter cells.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a multivesicular body, a type of late endosome in which regions of the limiting endosomal membrane invaginate to form internal vesicles; membrane proteins that enter the internal vesicles are sequestered from the cytoplasm.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a multivesicular body, a type of late endosome in which regions of the limiting endosomal membrane invaginate to form internal vesicles; membrane proteins that enter the internal vesicles are sequestered from the cytoplasm.

Viral budding which uses a host ESCRT protein complex, or complexes, to mediate the budding process.

Viral budding which uses a host ESCRT protein complex, or complexes, to mediate the budding process.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the egg-laying organ of female and hermaphrodite nematodes over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In nematodes, the vulva is formed from ventral epidermal cells during larval stages to give rise to a fully formed vulva in the adult.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tooth or teeth over time, from formation to the mature structure(s). A tooth is any hard bony, calcareous, or chitinous organ found in the mouth or pharynx of an animal and used in procuring or masticating food.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide covalently tagged with ubiquitin, via the multivesicular body (MVB) sorting pathway; ubiquitin-tagged proteins are sorted into MVBs, and delivered to a lysosome/vacuole for degradation.

The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the dorsal/ventral axis of the wing disc, a precursor to the adult wing.

The complete process of formation and maturation of an ovum or female gamete from a primordial female germ cell. Examples of this process are found in Mus musculus and Drosophila melanogaster.

Long distance growth of a single axon process involved in cellular development.

Long distance growth of a single axon process involved in cellular development.

The process in which a microtubule is broken down into smaller segments.

A cytokinesis that involves the function of a set of proteins that are part of the microfilament or microtubule cytoskeleton.

The autophagy process by which cytosolic proteins targeted for degradation are tagged with a chaperone and are directly transferred into and degraded in a late endosomal compartment.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ionizing radiation stimulus. Ionizing radiation is radiation with sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms and may arise from spontaneous decay of unstable isotopes, resulting in alpha and beta particles and gamma rays. Ionizing radiation also includes X-rays.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a reactive oxygen species, any molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of phagocytes, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to biopolymers.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide, via the multivesicular body (MVB) sorting pathway; proteins are sorted into MVBs, and delivered to a lysosome/vacuole for degradation. This process is independent of ubiquitination.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide, via the multivesicular body (MVB) sorting pathway; proteins are sorted into MVBs, and delivered to a lysosome/vacuole for degradation. This process is independent of ubiquitination.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral release from host cell.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral release from host cell.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of exosomal secretion.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of exosomal secretion.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral life cycle.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral life cycle.

The disaggregation of an ESCRT III complex into its constituent components.

A largely uncharacterized process involving the release of duplicated spindle pole bodies (SPBs) and their migration away from each other within the nuclear membrane. Duplicated SPBs are connected by a bridge structure that may be severed in order to release the SPBs from one another. Following liberation, SPBs diffuse through the nuclear membrane until they are across from each other. SPB separation must take place in order for a bipolar mitotic spindle to assemble.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a meiotic cell cycle.

Progression through the phases of the mitotic cell cycle, the most common eukaryotic cell cycle, which canonically comprises four successive phases called G1, S, G2, and M and includes replication of the genome and the subsequent segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells. In some variant cell cycles nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division, or G1 and G2 phases may be absent.

The division of a cell nucleus into two nuclei, with DNA and other nuclear contents distributed between the daughter nuclei.

A cell cycle process that results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after mitosis, resulting in the separation of the original cell into two daughter cells.

A cell cycle process that results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after mitosis, resulting in the separation of the original cell into two daughter cells.

The process of an actomyosin ring getting smaller in diameter, in the context of cytokinesis that takes place as part of a cell cycle.

A process that results in a parallel arrangement of microtubules.

A process that results in a parallel arrangement of microtubules.

A process that results in a parallel arrangement of microtubules.

A process that results in a parallel arrangement of microtubules.

The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an osteoblast, a mesodermal or neural crest cell that gives rise to bone.

The characteristic movement of an immature neuron from germinal zones to specific positions where they will reside as they mature.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor internalization.

The process of directing proteins towards the vacuole, usually using signals contained within the protein.

The process of directing proteins towards and into the mitochondrion, usually mediated by mitochondrial proteins that recognize signals contained within the imported protein.

The process of directing proteins towards and into the mitochondrion, usually mediated by mitochondrial proteins that recognize signals contained within the imported protein.

The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell.

The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi.

The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi.

The evagination of a membrane, resulting in formation of a vesicle.

The evagination of a membrane, resulting in formation of a vesicle.

An endocytosis process that results in the engulfment of external particulate material by phagocytes. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear envelope.

A cell cycle process by which the cell nucleus divides as part of a meiotic cell cycle in the female germline.

The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis.

De novo generation of a long process of a neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells. Refers to the morphogenesis or creation of shape or form of the developing axon.

De novo generation of a long process of a neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells. Refers to the morphogenesis or creation of shape or form of the developing axon.

Any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs as the result of experience.

The activities involved in the mental information processing system that receives (registers), modifies, stores, and retrieves informational stimuli. The main stages involved in the formation and retrieval of memory are encoding (processing of received information by acquisition), storage (building a permanent record of received information as a result of consolidation) and retrieval (calling back the stored information and use it in a suitable way to execute a given task).

The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions.

Behavior that is dependent upon the sensation of a mechanical stimulus.

The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell body toward the cell periphery in nerve cell axons.

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.

The controlled release of proteins from a cell.

The set of specific processes that generate the ability of an organism to induce an abnormal, generally detrimental state in another organism.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to the organism.

The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size in two or three

A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellulose and pectin-containing cell wall. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.

The controlled shedding of a body part.

The controlled shedding of a body part.

The cell cycle transition where a cell leaves M phase and enters a new G1 phase. M phase is the part of the mitotic cell cycle during which mitosis and cytokinesis take place.

The cell cycle transition where a cell leaves M phase and enters a new G1 phase. M phase is the part of the mitotic cell cycle during which mitosis and cytokinesis take place.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the error-free repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the broken DNA molecule is repaired using homologous sequences.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the error-free repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the broken DNA molecule is repaired using homologous sequences.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of centrosome duplication. Centrosome duplication is the replication of a centrosome, a structure comprised of a pair of centrioles and peri-centriolar material from which a microtubule spindle apparatus is organized.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of centrosome duplication. Centrosome duplication is the replication of a centrosome, a structure comprised of a pair of centrioles and peri-centriolar material from which a microtubule spindle apparatus is organized.

Any process that increases the rate or extent of progression from G2 phase to M phase of the mitotic cell cycle.

Any process that increases the rate or extent of progression from G2 phase to M phase of the mitotic cell cycle.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).

The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.

A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bounded vesicles; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the vesicle membrane. The process begins with a step that directs a substance to the forming vesicle, and includes vesicle budding and coating. Vesicles are then targeted to, and fuse with, an acceptor membrane.

A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bounded vesicles; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the vesicle membrane. The process begins with a step that directs a substance to the forming vesicle, and includes vesicle budding and coating. Vesicles are then targeted to, and fuse with, an acceptor membrane.

A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bounded vesicles; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the vesicle membrane. The process begins with a step that directs a substance to the forming vesicle, and includes vesicle budding and coating. Vesicles are then targeted to, and fuse with, an acceptor membrane.

A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bounded vesicles; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the vesicle membrane. The process begins with a step that directs a substance to the forming vesicle, and includes vesicle budding and coating. Vesicles are then targeted to, and fuse with, an acceptor membrane.

The directed movement of substances into, out of, or mediated by an endosome, a membrane-bounded organelle that carries materials newly ingested by endocytosis. It passes many of the materials to lysosomes for degradation.

The directed movement of substances into, out of, or mediated by an endosome, a membrane-bounded organelle that carries materials newly ingested by endocytosis. It passes many of the materials to lysosomes for degradation.

The directed movement of substances into, out of, or mediated by an endosome, a membrane-bounded organelle that carries materials newly ingested by endocytosis. It passes many of the materials to lysosomes for degradation.

The directed movement of substances into, out of, or mediated by an endosome, a membrane-bounded organelle that carries materials newly ingested by endocytosis. It passes many of the materials to lysosomes for degradation.

The major inducible pathway for the general turnover of cytoplasmic constituents in eukaryotic cells, it is also responsible for the degradation of active cytoplasmic enzymes and organelles during nutrient starvation. Macroautophagy involves the formation of double-membrane-bounded autophagosomes which enclose the cytoplasmic constituent targeted for degradation in a membrane-bounded structure. Autophagosomes then fuse with a lysosome (or vacuole) releasing single-membrane-bounded autophagic bodies that are then degraded within the lysosome (or vacuole). Though once thought to be a purely non-selective process, it appears that some types of macroautophagy, e.g. macropexophagy, macromitophagy, may involve selective targeting of the targets to be degraded.

The neurological system process in which a signal is transmitted through the nervous system by a combination of action potential propagation and synaptic transmission.

The directed movement of mitochondria along microtubules in nerve cell axons.

Generation of a long process from a neuron whose cell body resides in the central nervous system. The process carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.

The directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth.

Growth of fungi as threadlike, tubular structures that may contain multiple nuclei and may or may not be divided internally by septa, or cross-walls.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures formed of microtubules and associated proteins in the cytoplasm of a cell.

The reformation of the nuclear envelope following its breakdown in the context of a normal process.

The reformation of the nuclear envelope following its breakdown in the context of a normal process.

The directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, within cells.

The directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, within cells.

The directed movement of membrane-bounded vesicles from recycling endosomes back to the plasma membrane where they are recycled for further rounds of transport.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell, and its separation into two daughter cells.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell, and its separation into two daughter cells.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell, and its separation into two daughter cells.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell, and its separation into two daughter cells.

A cellular process that is involved in cytokinesis (the division of the cytoplasm of a cell and its separation into two daughter cells).

A cellular process that is involved in cytokinesis (the division of the cytoplasm of a cell and its separation into two daughter cells).

The directed movement of substances from endosomes to lysosomes by a pathway in which molecules are sorted into multivesicular bodies, which then fuse with the lysosome.

The directed movement of substances from endosomes to lysosomes by a pathway in which molecules are sorted into multivesicular bodies, which then fuse with the lysosome.

The directed movement of substances from endosomes to vacuoles by a pathway in which molecules are sorted into multivesicular bodies, which then fuse with the vacuole.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.

The multiplication or reproduction of osteoblasts, resulting in the expansion of an osteoblast cell population. An osteoblast is a bone-forming cell which secretes an extracellular matrix. Hydroxyapatite crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipid stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipid stimulus.

The homotypic fusion of endocytic vesicles to form or add to an early endosome.

The homotypic fusion of endocytic vesicles to form or add to an early endosome.

The formation of a protein hexamer, a macromolecular structure consisting of six noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits.

The formation of a protein hexamer, a macromolecular structure consisting of six noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits.

The formation of a protein hexamer, a macromolecular structure consisting of six noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits.

The directed movement of a hemocyte within the embryo. Hemocytes are blood cells associated with a hemocoel (the cavity containing most of the major organs of the arthropod body) which are involved in defense and clotting of hemolymph, but not involved in transport of oxygen. In Drosophila, embryonic hemocytes originate from the head mesoderm as a cluster of cells. The cluster splits into two and one group of cells crosses the amnioserosa. Both populations then spread toward the middle of the embryo and then disperse evenly throughout the embryo.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a multivesicular body, a type of late endosome in which regions of the limiting endosomal membrane invaginate to form internal vesicles; membrane proteins that enter the internal vesicles are sequestered from the cytoplasm.

The process of directing proteins towards the vacuole using signals contained within the protein, occurring that contributes to protein catabolism via the multivesicular body (MVB) pathway.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures formed of microtubules and associated proteins in the cell cortex, i.e. just beneath the plasma membrane of a cell.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spore over time, from its initiation to the mature structure. A spore is a structure that can be used for dissemination, for survival of adverse conditions because of its heat and dessication resistance, and/or for reproduction.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spore over time, from its initiation to the mature structure. A spore is a structure that can be used for dissemination, for survival of adverse conditions because of its heat and dessication resistance, and/or for reproduction.

Any process in which the symbiont stops, prevents or reduces its increase in size or mass within the cells or tissues of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in the symbiotic interaction.

The process in which a group of unicellular organisms grow in a threadlike, filamentous shape.

The import of proteins into the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes.

The retention of proteins within the Golgi apparatus. Golgi-localized carbohydrate-modifying enzymes have a short N-terminal domain that faces the cytosol, a single transmembrane alpha helix, and a large C-terminal domain that faces the Golgi lumen and that contains the catalytic site. How the membrane-spanning alpha helix in a Golgi enzyme causes its localization and prevents its movement to the plasma membrane is not known.

The retention of proteins within the Golgi apparatus. Golgi-localized carbohydrate-modifying enzymes have a short N-terminal domain that faces the cytosol, a single transmembrane alpha helix, and a large C-terminal domain that faces the Golgi lumen and that contains the catalytic site. How the membrane-spanning alpha helix in a Golgi enzyme causes its localization and prevents its movement to the plasma membrane is not known.

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the apicobasal polarity of an epithelial cell.

The directed movement of substances from late endosomes to the vacuole. In yeast, after transport to the prevacuolar compartment, endocytic content is delivered to the late endosome and on to the vacuole. This pathway is analogous to endosome to lysosome transport.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the R8 photoreceptor over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The R8 photoreceptor is the founding receptor of each ommatidium.

The regionalization process that coordinates the recruitment and organization of other non-R8 photoreceptors by the R8 photoreceptor.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the Notch signaling pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic growth at neuromuscular junction.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic growth at neuromuscular junction.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving ATP, adenosine triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator.

A process that modulates synaptic plasticity, the ability of synapses to change as circumstances require. They may alter function, such as increasing or decreasing their sensitivity, or they may increase or decrease in actual numbers.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a haploid sperm cell within the plant gametophyte.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a multi-organism process in which a virus is a participant.

Any process that modulates the rate or extent of the viral life cycle, the set of processes by which a virus reproduces and spreads among hosts.

Any process that modulates the rate or extent of the viral life cycle, the set of processes by which a virus reproduces and spreads among hosts.

The process in which a microtubule is broken down into smaller segments.

The controlled breakdown of the spindle during a mitotic cell cycle.

The controlled breakdown of the spindle during a mitotic cell cycle.

The controlled breakdown of the spindle during a meiotic cell cycle.

The controlled breakdown of the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that serves to move duplicated chromosomes apart.

The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of identical component monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer.

The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of identical component monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer.

The process in which protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers, are broken down. Depolymerization occurs by the successive removal of monomers from an existing poly- or oligomeric protein.

The process in which protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers, are broken down. Depolymerization occurs by the successive removal of monomers from an existing poly- or oligomeric protein.

The process resulting in division and partitioning of components of a cell to form more cells; may or may not be accompanied by the physical separation of a cell into distinct, individually membrane-bounded daughter cells.

The process resulting in division and partitioning of components of a cell to form more cells; may or may not be accompanied by the physical separation of a cell into distinct, individually membrane-bounded daughter cells.

Any process in which the nucleus is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.

Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glutamatergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter glutamate.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of potassium ions within an organism or cell.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of sodium ions within an organism or cell.

Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of cell death. Cell death is the specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death.

Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of cell death. Cell death is the specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death.

The autophagy process by which cytosolic proteins targeted for degradation are tagged with a chaperone and are directly transferred into and degraded in a late endosomal compartment.

The invagination of the endosome membrane and resulting formation of a vesicle within the lumen of the endosome.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lithium (Li+) ion stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ionizing radiation stimulus. Ionizing radiation is radiation with sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms and may arise from spontaneous decay of unstable isotopes, resulting in alpha and beta particles and gamma rays. Ionizing radiation also includes X-rays.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ionizing radiation stimulus. Ionizing radiation is radiation with sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms and may arise from spontaneous decay of unstable isotopes, resulting in alpha and beta particles and gamma rays. Ionizing radiation also includes X-rays.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins to form the myosin-based thick filaments of myofibrils in striated muscle.

A protein depolymerization process that results in the disassembly of vesicle coat proteins.

A protein depolymerization process that results in the disassembly of vesicle coat proteins.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the separation of a single continuous membrane into two membranes.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the separation of a single continuous membrane into two membranes.

The process in which autophagosomes, double-membraned vacuoles containing cytoplasmic material fuse with a vacuole (yeast) or lysosome (e.g. mammals and insects). In the case of yeast, inner membrane-bounded structures (autophagic bodies) appear in the vacuole. Fusion provides an acidic environment and digestive function to the interior of the autophagosome.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by the nuclear envelope.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuromuscular synaptic transmission.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuromuscular synaptic transmission.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic spindle assembly.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic spindle assembly.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic spindle elongation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a postsynaptic membrane.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of exosomal secretion.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of exosomal secretion.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of centriole elongation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of centriole elongation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral budding via host ESCRT complex.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral budding via host ESCRT complex.

The disaggregation of an ESCRT complex into its constituent components.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) tubular network membrane.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of terminal button organization.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

A thin cytoplasmic bridge formed between daughter cells at the end of cytokinesis. The midbody forms where the contractile ring constricts, and may persist for some time before finally breaking to complete cytokinesis.

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.

A structure comprised of a core structure (in most organisms, a pair of centrioles) and peripheral material from which a microtubule-based structure, such as a spindle apparatus, is organized. Centrosomes occur close to the nucleus during interphase in many eukaryotic cells, though in animal cells it changes continually during the cell-division cycle.

Either of the ends of a spindle, where spindle microtubules are organized; usually contains a microtubule organizing center and accessory molecules, spindle microtubules and astral microtubules.

A structure comprised of a core structure (in most organisms, a pair of centrioles) and peripheral material from which a microtubule-based structure, such as a spindle apparatus, is organized. Centrosomes occur close to the nucleus during interphase in many eukaryotic cells, though in animal cells it changes continually during the cell-division cycle.

The array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during mitosis or meiosis and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart.

A complex possessing an activity that couples ATP hydrolysis to the severing of microtubules; usually a heterodimer comprising a catalytic subunit (often 60kDa) and a regulatory subunit (often 80 kDa).

Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the nucleus and form the nuclear envelope; excludes the intermembrane space.

A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.

A structure composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information.

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope.

The region of a cell that lies just beneath the plasma membrane and often, but not always, contains a network of actin filaments and associated proteins.

A chromosome that encodes the nuclear genome and is found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell during the cell cycle phases when the nucleus is intact.

Either of the ends of a spindle, where spindle microtubules are organized; usually contains a microtubule organizing center and accessory molecules, spindle microtubules and astral microtubules.

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

Any of the long, generally straight, hollow tubes of internal diameter 12-15 nm and external diameter 24 nm found in a wide variety of eukaryotic cells; each consists (usually) of 13 protofilaments of polymeric tubulin, staggered in such a manner that the tubulin monomers are arranged in a helical pattern on the microtubular surface, and with the alpha/beta axes of the tubulin subunits parallel to the long axis of the tubule; exist in equilibrium with pool of tubulin monomers and can be rapidly assembled or disassembled in response to physiological stimuli; concerned with force generation, e.g. in the spindle.

Any multimeric complex connected to a microtubule.

Any microtubule in the cytoplasm of a cell.

The area of a motile cell closest to the direction of movement.

Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus.

A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm.

A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm.

Either of the ends of a spindle, where spindle microtubules are organized; usually contains a microtubule organizing center and accessory molecules, spindle microtubules and astral microtubules.

A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.

That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus.

A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration.

A vacuole to which materials ingested by endocytosis are delivered.

The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of microtubules and associated proteins.

A thin cytoplasmic bridge formed between daughter cells at the end of cytokinesis. The midbody forms where the contractile ring constricts, and may persist for some time before finally breaking to complete cytokinesis.

A thin cytoplasmic bridge formed between daughter cells at the end of cytokinesis. The midbody forms where the contractile ring constricts, and may persist for some time before finally breaking to complete cytokinesis.

A specialized area of membrane facing the presynaptic membrane on the tip of the nerve ending and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft). Neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane.

A vacuole to which materials ingested by endocytosis are delivered.

A vacuole to which materials ingested by endocytosis are delivered.

A membrane-bounded organelle that receives incoming material from primary endocytic vesicles that have been generated by clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis; vesicles fuse with the early endosome to deliver cargo for sorting into recycling or degradation pathways.

The lipid bilayer surrounding a peroxisome.

A structure comprised of a core structure (in most organisms, a pair of centrioles) and peripheral material from which a microtubule-based structure, such as a spindle apparatus, is organized. Centrosomes occur close to the nucleus during interphase in many eukaryotic cells, though in animal cells it changes continually during the cell-division cycle.

The array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during mitosis or meiosis and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart.

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it.

The long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminals and varicosities, which are sites of storage and release of neurotransmitter.

Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus.

A cell part that is the central region of the midbody characterized by a gap in alpha-tubulin staining. It is a dense structure of antiparallel microtubules from the central spindle in the middle of the intercellular bridge.

A cell part that is the central region of the midbody characterized by a gap in alpha-tubulin staining. It is a dense structure of antiparallel microtubules from the central spindle in the middle of the intercellular bridge.

A chromosome that encodes the nuclear genome and is found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell during the cell cycle phases when the nucleus is intact.

A chromosome that encodes the nuclear genome and is found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell during the cell cycle phases when the nucleus is intact.

An endosomal sorting complex required for transport. Consists of two soluble subcomplexes of highly charged coiled-coil proteins and is required for sorting and/or concentration of multivesicular body (MVB) cargoes.

The end, or tip, of a fungal hypha, where polarized growth occurs during hyphal elongation.

A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.

That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus.

The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope.

A small lytic vacuole that has cell cycle-independent morphology and is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases, most of which have their maximal activities in the pH range 5-6. The contained enzymes display latency if properly isolated. About 40 different lysosomal hydrolases are known and lysosomes have a great variety of morphologies and functions.

A small lytic vacuole that has cell cycle-independent morphology and is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases, most of which have their maximal activities in the pH range 5-6. The contained enzymes display latency if properly isolated. About 40 different lysosomal hydrolases are known and lysosomes have a great variety of morphologies and functions.

A membrane-bounded organelle that receives incoming material from primary endocytic vesicles that have been generated by clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis; vesicles fuse with the early endosome to deliver cargo for sorting into recycling or degradation pathways.

A prelysosomal endocytic organelle differentiated from early endosomes by lower lumenal pH and different protein composition. Late endosomes are more spherical than early endosomes and are mostly juxtanuclear, being concentrated near the microtubule organizing center.

A prelysosomal endocytic organelle differentiated from early endosomes by lower lumenal pH and different protein composition. Late endosomes are more spherical than early endosomes and are mostly juxtanuclear, being concentrated near the microtubule organizing center.

A type of endosome in which regions of the limiting endosomal membrane invaginate to form internal vesicles; membrane proteins that enter the internal vesicles are sequestered from the cytoplasm.

The lipid bilayer surrounding the vacuole and separating its contents from the cytoplasm of the cell.

The lipid bilayer surrounding the vacuole and separating its contents from the cytoplasm of the cell.

The lipid bilayer surrounding a peroxisome.

An intracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle comprising a matrix of coalesced lipids surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer. May include associated proteins.

The array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during mitosis or meiosis and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart.

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

A complex possessing an activity that couples ATP hydrolysis to the severing of microtubules; usually a heterodimer comprising a catalytic subunit (often 60kDa) and a regulatory subunit (often 80 kDa).

A fine cytoplasmic channel, found in all higher plants, that connects the cytoplasm of one cell to that of an adjacent cell.

The lipid bilayer surrounding an endosome.

The lipid bilayer surrounding an endosome.

A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it.

The migrating motile tip of a growing nerve cell axon or dendrite.

A thin cytoplasmic bridge formed between daughter cells at the end of cytokinesis. The midbody forms where the contractile ring constricts, and may persist for some time before finally breaking to complete cytokinesis.

A vesicle found in the cytoplasm of a cell.

A vesicle found in the cytoplasm of a cell.

The junction between the axon of a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. In response to the arrival of action potentials, the presynaptic button releases molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane of the muscle fiber, leading to a change in post-synaptic potential.

Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the nucleus and form the nuclear envelope; excludes the intermembrane space.

Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the nucleus and form the nuclear envelope; excludes the intermembrane space.

Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the nucleus and form the nuclear envelope; excludes the intermembrane space.

The eventual plane of cell division (also known as cell cleavage or cytokinesis) in a dividing cell. In Eukaryotes, the cleavage apparatus, composed of septin structures and the actomyosin contractile ring, forms along this plane, and the mitotic, or meiotic, spindle is aligned perpendicular to the division plane. In bacteria, the cell division site is generally located at mid-cell and is the site at which the cytoskeletal structure, the Z-ring, assembles.

The portion of a neuron that includes the nucleus, but excludes cell projections such as axons and dendrites.

Terminal inflated portion of the axon, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters. The axon terminus is considered to be the whole region of thickening and the terminal bouton is a specialized region of it.

A specialized area of membrane facing the presynaptic membrane on the tip of the nerve ending and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft). Neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane.

Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus.

The region at the end of the longest axis of a cylindrical or elongated cell.

A subcompartment of the endoplasmic reticulum consisting of tubules having membranes with high curvature in cross-section.

A subcompartment of the endoplasmic reticulum consisting of tubules having membranes with high curvature in cross-section.

An ESCRT complex that has AAA-ATPase activity and is involved in ESCRT-mediated intralumenal vesicle formation and the final stages of cytokinesis. The complex catalyzes disassembly of the ESCRT III filament around the neck of the budding vesicle in an ATP-driven reaction, resulting in membrane scission and recycling of the ESCRT III components back to the cytosol. In yeast, it is formed by the AAA ATPase Vps4 and its cofactor Vta1.

An ESCRT complex that has AAA-ATPase activity and is involved in ESCRT-mediated intralumenal vesicle formation and the final stages of cytokinesis. The complex catalyzes disassembly of the ESCRT III filament around the neck of the budding vesicle in an ATP-driven reaction, resulting in membrane scission and recycling of the ESCRT III components back to the cytosol. In yeast, it is formed by the AAA ATPase Vps4 and its cofactor Vta1.