The process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. In eukaryotes, chromosome segregation begins with the condensation of chromosomes, includes chromosome separation, and ends when chromosomes have completed movement to the spindle poles.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sporulation.

The region of a bacterial cell to which the DNA is confined.

The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.

A structure composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information.

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

Either of two different areas at opposite ends of an axis of a cell.