The directed movement of substances, in membrane-bounded vesicles, from the early sorting endosomes to the late sorting endosomes; transport occurs along microtubules and can be experimentally blocked with microtubule-depolymerizing drugs.

The selective autophagy process in which lipid droplets are delivered to the vacuole and degraded in response to changing cellular conditions.

Any process that reduces the pH of the phagosome, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.

The creation of a phagolysosome from a phagosome and a lysosome.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of epidermal growth factor (EGF), following internalization of the receptor-bound ligand into the signal-receiving cell. Full breakdown of epidermal growth factor results in a ligand that is unable to bind and activate its receptor.

The directed movement of substances, in membrane-bounded vesicles, from the early sorting endosomes to the late sorting endosomes; transport occurs along microtubules and can be experimentally blocked with microtubule-depolymerizing drugs.

The directed movement of substances from endosomes to lysosomes.

Any process that reduces the pH of the phagosome, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.

The formation of a double membrane-bounded structure, the autophagosome, that occurs when a specialized membrane sac, called the isolation membrane, starts to enclose a portion of the cytoplasm.

The formation of a double membrane-bounded structure, the autophagosome, that occurs when a specialized membrane sac, called the isolation membrane, starts to enclose a portion of the cytoplasm.

The process of directing proteins towards the lysosome using signals contained within the protein.

The process of directing proteins towards the lysosome using signals contained within the protein.

The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell.

A vesicle-mediated transport process in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of epidermal growth factor (EGF), following internalization of the receptor-bound ligand into the signal-receiving cell. Full breakdown of epidermal growth factor results in a ligand that is unable to bind and activate its receptor.

The directed movement of substances from endosomes to lysosomes.

The directed movement of proteins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The dissemination of mature viral particles from the host cell, e.g. by cell lysis or the budding of virus particles from the cell membrane.

The dissemination of mature viral particles from the host cell, e.g. by cell lysis or the budding of virus particles from the cell membrane.

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein.

The initial attachment of a protein to a target membrane, mediated by a proteins protruding from the target membrane. Docking requires only that the proteins come close enough to interact and adhere.

The initial attachment of a protein to a target membrane, mediated by a proteins protruding from the target membrane. Docking requires only that the proteins come close enough to interact and adhere.

The directed movement of membrane-bounded vesicles from endosomes back to the trans-Golgi network where they are recycled for further rounds of transport.

The directed movement of membrane-bounded vesicles from endosomes back to the trans-Golgi network where they are recycled for further rounds of transport.

The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as proteases, lipases, and inflammatory mediators by a neutrophil.

The directed movement of substances, in membrane-bounded vesicles, from the early sorting endosomes to the late sorting endosomes; transport occurs along microtubules and can be experimentally blocked with microtubule-depolymerizing drugs.

The process in which specialized cells known as osteoclasts degrade the organic and inorganic portions of bone, and endocytose and transport the degradation products.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a multi-organism process in which a virus is a participant.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a multi-organism process in which a virus is a participant.

The selective autophagy process in which lipid droplets are delivered to the vacuole and degraded in response to changing cellular conditions.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the arrangement of constituent parts of a phagosome within a cell. Phagosome maturation begins with endocytosis and formation of the early phagosome and ends with the formation of the hybrid organelle, the phagolysosome.

Any process that reduces the pH of the phagosome, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.

The creation of a phagolysosome from a phagosome and a lysosome.

The creation of a phagolysosome from a phagosome and a lysosome.

An intracellular transport which involves another organism.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of exosomal secretion.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of exosomal secretion.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of exosomal secretion.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of exosomal secretion.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intralumenal vesicle formation.

The process of directing proteins towards the lysosome using signals contained within the protein.

The directed movement of substances from endosomes to lysosomes.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a multi-organism process in which a virus is a participant.

A vesicle-mediated transport process in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle.

The distribution of vacuoles into daughter cells after mitosis or meiosis, mediated by interactions between vacuoles and the cytoskeleton.

A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bounded vesicles; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the vesicle membrane. The process begins with a step that directs a substance to the forming vesicle, and includes vesicle budding and coating. Vesicles are then targeted to, and fuse with, an acceptor membrane.

The major inducible pathway for the general turnover of cytoplasmic constituents in eukaryotic cells, it is also responsible for the degradation of active cytoplasmic enzymes and organelles during nutrient starvation. Macroautophagy involves the formation of double-membrane-bounded autophagosomes which enclose the cytoplasmic constituent targeted for degradation in a membrane-bounded structure. Autophagosomes then fuse with a lysosome (or vacuole) releasing single-membrane-bounded autophagic bodies that are then degraded within the lysosome (or vacuole). Some types of macroautophagy, e.g. pexophagy, mitophagy, involve selective targeting of the targets to be degraded.

A cytoplasm to vacuole targeting pathway that uses machinery common with autophagy. The Cvt vesicle is formed when the receptor protein, Atg19, binds to the complexes of the target protein (aminopeptidase or alpha-mannosidase homododecamers), forming the Cvt complex. Atg11 binds to Atg9 and transports the Cvt complex to the pre-autophagosome (PAS). The phagophore membrane expands around the Cvt complex (excluding bulk cytoplasm) forming the Cvt vesicle. This pathway is mostly observed in yeast.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the fusion of two vacuole membranes to form a single vacuole.

Degradation of a cell nucleus by lysosomal microautophagy.

The directed movement of membrane-bounded vesicles from endosomes back to the trans-Golgi network where they are recycled for further rounds of transport.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a location in a vacuole.

The directed movement of substances mediated by an endosome, a membrane-bounded organelle that carries materials enclosed in the lumen or located in the endosomal membrane.

The developmental growth process in which an oocyte irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the soma are generated and organized.

The creation of a single organelle from two or more organelles.

Any process that modulates the volume of an endosome, a membrane-bounded organelle that carries materials newly ingested by endocytosis.

The process in which a phagosome, a vesicle formed by phagocytosis, fuses with a lysosome as a part of apoptotic cell clearance.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of early endosome to late endosome transport.

The directed movement of substances mediated by an endosome, a membrane-bounded organelle that carries materials enclosed in the lumen or located in the endosomal membrane.

The fusion of two vacuole membranes to form a single vacuole.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of endosomes.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole.

The set of specific processes that generate the ability of an organism to induce an abnormal, generally detrimental state in another organism.

The process in which a multicellular organism, a unicellular organism or a group of unicellular organisms grow in a threadlike, filamentous shape.

The process in which a group of unicellular organisms grow in a threadlike, filamentous shape in response to a biotic (living) stimulus.

The process in which a cell switches from growing as a round budding cell to growing as a filament (elongated cells attached end-to-end). An example of this is the yeast-hyphal transition of Candida albicans.

The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell.

The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to the vacuole.

A vesicle-mediated transport process that results in the engulfment of external particulate material by phagocytes and their delivery to the lysosome. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles.

Any process that reduces the pH of the vacuole, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.

The directed movement of a border cell through the nurse cells to reach the oocyte. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.

The directed movement of substances from endosomes to lysosomes.

The directed movement of substances from endosomes to lysosomes.

A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bounded vesicles; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the vesicle membrane. The process begins with a step that directs a substance to the forming vesicle, and includes vesicle budding and coating. Vesicles are then targeted to, and fuse with, an acceptor membrane.

The directed movement of substances mediated by an endosome, a membrane-bounded organelle that carries materials enclosed in the lumen or located in the endosomal membrane.

The entirety of a process in which information is transmitted within a biological system. This process begins with an active signal and ends when a cellular response has been triggered.

A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rab family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state.

The directed movement of substances from endosomes to lysosomes by a pathway in which molecules are sorted into multivesicular bodies, which then fuse with the lysosome.

The directed movement of dsRNA, double-stranded ribonucleic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The homotypic fusion of endocytic vesicles to form or add to an early endosome.

Any process in which the symbiont stops, prevents or reduces its increase in size or mass within the cells or tissues of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in the symbiotic interaction.

The process in which specialized cells known as osteoclasts degrade the organic and inorganic portions of bone, and endocytose and transport the degradation products.

The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the dorsal/ventral axis of the wing disc, a precursor to the adult wing.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of vesicle-mediated transport, the directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the fusion of two vacuole membranes to form a single vacuole.

A clathrin-mediated endocytosis process whereby yolk proteins are internalized and trafficked through the endocytic pathway for yolk deposition.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the arrangement of constituent parts of a phagosome within a cell. Phagosome maturation begins with endocytosis and formation of the early phagosome and ends with the formation of the hybrid organelle, the phagolysosome.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phagosome maturation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of macropinocytosis.

The process whereby a membrane-bounded vesicle is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane.

A prelysosomal endocytic organelle differentiated from early endosomes by lower lumenal pH and different protein composition. Late endosomes are more spherical than early endosomes and are mostly juxtanuclear, being concentrated near the microtubule organizing center.

A small lytic vacuole that has cell cycle-independent morphology and is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases, most of which have their maximal activities in the pH range 5-6. The contained enzymes display latency if properly isolated. About 40 different lysosomal hydrolases are known and lysosomes have a great variety of morphologies and functions.

An intracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle comprising a matrix of coalesced lipids surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer. May include associated proteins.

The lipid bilayer surrounding a late endosome.

The component of an lysosome membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.

A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle that arises from the ingestion of particulate material by phagocytosis.

The lipid bilayer surrounding a late endosome.

A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle that arises from the ingestion of particulate material by phagocytosis.

A prelysosomal endocytic organelle differentiated from early endosomes by lower lumenal pH and different protein composition. Late endosomes are more spherical than early endosomes and are mostly juxtanuclear, being concentrated near the microtubule organizing center.

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

A small lytic vacuole that has cell cycle-independent morphology and is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases, most of which have their maximal activities in the pH range 5-6. The contained enzymes display latency if properly isolated. About 40 different lysosomal hydrolases are known and lysosomes have a great variety of morphologies and functions.

The lipid bilayer surrounding the lysosome and separating its contents from the cell cytoplasm.

A vacuole to which materials ingested by endocytosis are delivered.

A prelysosomal endocytic organelle differentiated from early endosomes by lower lumenal pH and different protein composition. Late endosomes are more spherical than early endosomes and are mostly juxtanuclear, being concentrated near the microtubule organizing center.

A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions.

An intracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle comprising a matrix of coalesced lipids surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer. May include associated proteins.

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

The lipid bilayer surrounding an endosome.

The lipid bilayer surrounding an endosome.

The lipid bilayer surrounding an endosome.

The lipid bilayer surrounding a secretory granule.

A vesicle found in the cytoplasm of a cell.

The component of an lysosome membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.

A cellular membrane associated with the phagophore assembly site.

A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle that arises from the ingestion of particulate material by phagocytosis.

A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm.

A specialized secretory organelle found in type II pneumocytes and involved in the synthesis, secretion, and reutilization of pulmonary surfactant.

The component of the synaptic vesicle membrane consisting of the gene products that are tethered to the membrane only by a covalently attached anchor, such as a lipid group that is embedded in the membrane. Gene products with peptide sequences that are embedded in the membrane are excluded from this grouping.

A prelysosomal endocytic organelle differentiated from early endosomes by lower lumenal pH and different protein composition. Late endosomes are more spherical than early endosomes and are mostly juxtanuclear, being concentrated near the microtubule organizing center.

The lipid bilayer surrounding the lysosome and separating its contents from the cell cytoplasm.

The lipid bilayer surrounding an endosome.

A vacuole that has both lytic and storage functions. The fungal vacuole is a large, membrane-bounded organelle that functions as a reservoir for the storage of small molecules (including polyphosphate, amino acids, several divalent cations (e.g. calcium), other ions, and other small molecules) as well as being the primary compartment for degradation. It is an acidic compartment, containing an ensemble of acid hydrolases. At least in S. cerevisiae, there are indications that the morphology of the vacuole is variable and correlated with the cell cycle, with logarithmically growing cells having a multilobed, reticulated vacuole, while stationary phase cells contain a single large structure.

The lipid bilayer surrounding a vacuole, the shape of which correlates with cell cycle phase. The membrane separates its contents from the cytoplasm of the cell. An example of this structure is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The lipid bilayer surrounding a vacuole, the shape of which correlates with cell cycle phase. The membrane separates its contents from the cytoplasm of the cell. An example of this structure is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration.

The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope.

A zone of apposition between the vacuolar membrane and the mitochondrial outer membrane, important for transfer of lipids between the two organelles.

The lipid bilayer surrounding a phagocytic vesicle.

A closed structure, found only in eukaryotic cells, that is completely surrounded by unit membrane and contains liquid material. Cells contain one or several vacuoles, that may have different functions from each other. Vacuoles have a diverse array of functions. They can act as a storage organelle for nutrients or waste products, as a degradative compartment, as a cost-effective way of increasing cell size, and as a homeostatic regulator controlling both turgor pressure and pH of the cytosol.

A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it.

A membrane that is one of the two lipid bilayers of an organelle envelope or the outermost membrane of single membrane bound organelle.

The component of the synaptic vesicle membrane consisting of the gene products that are tethered to the membrane only by a covalently attached anchor, such as a lipid group that is embedded in the membrane. Gene products with peptide sequences that are embedded in the membrane are excluded from this grouping.

A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm.

A transport vesicle that mediates transport from an intracellular compartment to the plasma membrane, and fuses with the plasma membrane to release various cargo molecules, such as proteins or hormones, by exocytosis.

The lipid bilayer surrounding the vacuole and separating its contents from the cytoplasm of the cell.

An intracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle comprising a matrix of coalesced lipids surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer. May include associated proteins.

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

Any of the long, generally straight, hollow tubes of internal diameter 12-15 nm and external diameter 24 nm found in a wide variety of eukaryotic cells; each consists (usually) of 13 protofilaments of polymeric tubulin, staggered in such a manner that the tubulin monomers are arranged in a helical pattern on the microtubular surface, and with the alpha/beta axes of the tubulin subunits parallel to the long axis of the tubule; exist in equilibrium with pool of tubulin monomers and can be rapidly assembled or disassembled in response to physiological stimuli; concerned with force generation, e.g. in the spindle.

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

The region of a cell that lies just beneath the plasma membrane and often, but not always, contains a network of actin filaments and associated proteins.

A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle formed by invagination of the plasma membrane around an extracellular substance. Endocytic vesicles fuse with early endosomes to deliver the cargo for further sorting.

A vesicle found in the cytoplasm of a cell.

Complex basket- or funnel-like structure used by the cell to collect food and channel it to the cytostome; includes specialized sub-structures made up of closely-spaced cilia and underlying basal bodies and fibrillar systems.

Any small, fluid-filled, spherical organelle enclosed by membrane.

A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle as initially formed upon the ingestion of particulate material by phagocytosis.

A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle formed late in the endocytic pathway when the pH in the vacuole becomes neutral prior to exocytosis.

The lipid bilayer surrounding an early phagosome.

The portion of a neuron that includes the nucleus, but excludes cell projections such as axons and dendrites.

Terminal inflated portion of the axon, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters. The axon terminus is considered to be the whole region of thickening and the terminal bouton is a specialized region of it.

A membrane-bounded, uncoated intracellular vesicle formed by the process of macropinocytosis.

The junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron, muscle fiber or glial cell. As the nerve fiber approaches the synapse it enlarges into a specialized structure, the presynaptic nerve ending, which contains mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. At the tip of the nerve ending is the presynaptic membrane; facing it, and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft) is a specialized area of membrane on the receiving cell, known as the postsynaptic membrane. In response to the arrival of nerve impulses, the presynaptic nerve ending secretes molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane.

A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle that arises from the ingestion of particulate material by phagocytosis.

A specialized secretory organelle found in type II pneumocytes and involved in the synthesis, secretion, and reutilization of pulmonary surfactant.

The component of the synaptic vesicle membrane consisting of the gene products that are tethered to the membrane only by a covalently attached anchor, such as a lipid group that is embedded in the membrane. Gene products with peptide sequences that are embedded in the membrane are excluded from this grouping.

The component of the synaptic vesicle membrane consisting of the gene products that are tethered to the membrane only by a covalently attached anchor, such as a lipid group that is embedded in the membrane. Gene products with peptide sequences that are embedded in the membrane are excluded from this grouping.