The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide covalently tagged with ubiquitin, via the multivesicular body (MVB) sorting pathway; ubiquitin-tagged proteins are sorted into MVBs, and delivered to a lysosome/vacuole for degradation.

The directed movement of substances from late endosomes to the vacuole. In yeast, after transport to the prevacuolar compartment, endocytic content is delivered to the late endosome and on to the vacuole. This pathway is analogous to endosome to lysosome transport.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.

The major inducible pathway for the general turnover of cytoplasmic constituents in eukaryotic cells, it is also responsible for the degradation of active cytoplasmic enzymes and organelles during nutrient starvation. Macroautophagy involves the formation of double-membrane-bounded autophagosomes which enclose the cytoplasmic constituent targeted for degradation in a membrane-bounded structure. Autophagosomes then fuse with a lysosome (or vacuole) releasing single-membrane-bounded autophagic bodies that are then degraded within the lysosome (or vacuole). Some types of macroautophagy, e.g. pexophagy, mitophagy, involve selective targeting of the targets to be degraded.

The directed movement of substances from endosomes to vacuoles by a pathway in which molecules are sorted into multivesicular bodies, which then fuse with the vacuole.

The retention of proteins within the Golgi apparatus. Golgi-localized carbohydrate-modifying enzymes have a short N-terminal domain that faces the cytosol, a single transmembrane alpha helix, and a large C-terminal domain that faces the Golgi lumen and that contains the catalytic site. How the membrane-spanning alpha helix in a Golgi enzyme causes its localization and prevents its movement to the plasma membrane is not known.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a multi-organism process in which a virus is a participant.

The invagination of the endosome membrane and resulting formation of a vesicle within the lumen of the endosome.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleus.

The cell cycle process in which chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate, a plane halfway between the poles of the mitotic spindle, during mitosis.

The directed movement of substances mediated by an endosome, a membrane-bounded organelle that carries materials enclosed in the lumen or located in the endosomal membrane.

The major inducible pathway for the general turnover of cytoplasmic constituents in eukaryotic cells, it is also responsible for the degradation of active cytoplasmic enzymes and organelles during nutrient starvation. Macroautophagy involves the formation of double-membrane-bounded autophagosomes which enclose the cytoplasmic constituent targeted for degradation in a membrane-bounded structure. Autophagosomes then fuse with a lysosome (or vacuole) releasing single-membrane-bounded autophagic bodies that are then degraded within the lysosome (or vacuole). Some types of macroautophagy, e.g. pexophagy, mitophagy, involve selective targeting of the targets to be degraded.

A set of processes which all viruses follow to ensure survival; includes attachment and entry of the virus particle, decoding of genome information, translation of viral mRNA by host ribosomes, genome replication, and assembly and release of viral particles containing the genome.

The dissemination of mature viral particles from the host cell, e.g. by cell lysis or the budding of virus particles from the cell membrane.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a multivesicular body, a type of late endosome in which regions of the limiting endosomal membrane invaginate to form internal vesicles; membrane proteins that enter the internal vesicles are sequestered from the cytoplasm.

Viral budding which uses a host ESCRT protein complex, or complexes, to mediate the budding process.

The process by which the midbody, the cytoplasmic bridge that connects the two prospective daughter cells, is severed at the end of mitotic cytokinesis, resulting in two separate daughter cells.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide, via the multivesicular body (MVB) sorting pathway; proteins are sorted into MVBs, and delivered to a lysosome/vacuole for degradation. This process is independent of ubiquitination.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral release from host cell.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of exosomal secretion.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral life cycle.

The disaggregation of an ESCRT III complex into its constituent components.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of centrosome duplication. Centrosome duplication is the replication of a centrosome, a structure comprised of a pair of centrioles and peri-centriolar material from which a microtubule spindle apparatus is organized.

Any signalling pathway that activates or increases the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G2 phase to M phase of the mitotic cell cycle.

The directed movement of substances mediated by an endosome, a membrane-bounded organelle that carries materials enclosed in the lumen or located in the endosomal membrane.

The directed movement of substances from endosomes to lysosomes by a pathway in which molecules are sorted into multivesicular bodies, which then fuse with the lysosome.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipid stimulus.

Any process that modulates the rate or extent of the viral life cycle, the set of processes by which a virus reproduces and spreads among hosts.

The process in which protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers, are broken down. Depolymerization occurs by the successive removal of monomers from an existing poly- or oligomeric protein.

Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of cell death. Cell death is the specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic spindle assembly.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of exosomal secretion.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of centriole elongation.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleus.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of endosomes.

The cell cycle process in which chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate, a plane halfway between the poles of the mitotic spindle, during mitosis.

The controlled shedding of a body part.

The directed movement of substances mediated by an endosome, a membrane-bounded organelle that carries materials enclosed in the lumen or located in the endosomal membrane.

The dissemination of mature viral particles from the host cell, e.g. by cell lysis or the budding of virus particles from the cell membrane.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell, and its separation into two daughter cells.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a multivesicular body, a type of late endosome in which regions of the limiting endosomal membrane invaginate to form internal vesicles; membrane proteins that enter the internal vesicles are sequestered from the cytoplasm.

Viral budding which uses a host ESCRT protein complex, or complexes, to mediate the budding process.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide covalently tagged with ubiquitin, via the multivesicular body (MVB) sorting pathway; ubiquitin-tagged proteins are sorted into MVBs, and delivered to a lysosome/vacuole for degradation.

A mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that detects a defect in cytokinesis and prevents further rounds of nuclear division until cytokinesis is completed.

The autophagy process by which cytosolic proteins targeted for degradation are tagged with a chaperone and are directly transferred into and degraded in a late endosomal compartment.

The process by which the midbody, the cytoplasmic bridge that connects the two prospective daughter cells, is severed at the end of mitotic cytokinesis, resulting in two separate daughter cells.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide, via the multivesicular body (MVB) sorting pathway; proteins are sorted into MVBs, and delivered to a lysosome/vacuole for degradation. This process is independent of ubiquitination.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral release from host cell.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of exosomal secretion.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral life cycle.

The process of an actomyosin ring getting smaller in diameter, in the context of cytokinesis that takes place as part of a cell cycle.

The process of directing proteins towards the lysosome using signals contained within the protein.

The evagination of a membrane, resulting in formation of a vesicle.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear envelope.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole.

The controlled shedding of a body part.

A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bounded vesicles; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the vesicle membrane. The process begins with a step that directs a substance to the forming vesicle, and includes vesicle budding and coating. Vesicles are then targeted to, and fuse with, an acceptor membrane.

The directed movement of substances mediated by an endosome, a membrane-bounded organelle that carries materials enclosed in the lumen or located in the endosomal membrane.

The developmentally regulated remodeling of neuronal projections such as pruning to eliminate the extra dendrites and axons projections set up in early stages of nervous system development.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.

The reformation of the nuclear envelope following its breakdown in the context of a normal process.

The directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, within cells.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell, and its separation into two daughter cells.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.

The homotypic fusion of endocytic vesicles to form or add to an early endosome.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a multivesicular body, a type of late endosome in which regions of the limiting endosomal membrane invaginate to form internal vesicles; membrane proteins that enter the internal vesicles are sequestered from the cytoplasm.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tooth or teeth over time, from formation to the mature structure(s). A tooth is any hard bony, calcareous, or chitinous organ found in the mouth or pharynx of an animal and used in procuring or masticating food.

Any process in which the symbiont stops, prevents or reduces its increase in size or mass within the cells or tissues of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in the symbiotic interaction.

A mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that detects a defect in cytokinesis and prevents further rounds of nuclear division until cytokinesis is completed.

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the apicobasal polarity of an epithelial cell.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the R8 photoreceptor over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The R8 photoreceptor is the founding receptor of each ommatidium.

The regionalization process that coordinates the recruitment and organization of other non-R8 photoreceptors by the R8 photoreceptor.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.

The process resulting in division and partitioning of components of a cell to form more cells; may or may not be accompanied by the physical separation of a cell into distinct, individually membrane-bounded daughter cells.

A cytokinesis that involves the function of a set of proteins that are part of the microfilament or microtubule cytoskeleton.

The autophagy process by which cytosolic proteins targeted for degradation are tagged with a chaperone and are directly transferred into and degraded in a late endosomal compartment.

A protein depolymerization process that results in the disassembly of vesicle coat proteins.

Removal of PI3P and Atg8/LC3 after the closure of the phagophore and before the fusion with the endosome/lysosome (e.g. mammals and insects) or vacuole (yeast), and that very likely destabilizes other Atg proteins and thus enables their efficient dissociation and recycling.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral budding via host ESCRT complex.

The disaggregation of an ESCRT complex into its constituent components.

The process of directing proteins towards the lysosome using signals contained within the protein.

The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The evagination of a membrane, resulting in formation of a vesicle.

The controlled shedding of a body part.

Any process involved in the formation of branches in plant hair cells. An example of this process is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of centrosome duplication. Centrosome duplication is the replication of a centrosome, a structure comprised of a pair of centrioles and peri-centriolar material from which a microtubule spindle apparatus is organized.

Any signalling pathway that activates or increases the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G2 phase to M phase of the mitotic cell cycle.

A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bounded vesicles; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the vesicle membrane. The process begins with a step that directs a substance to the forming vesicle, and includes vesicle budding and coating. Vesicles are then targeted to, and fuse with, an acceptor membrane.

A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bounded vesicles; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the vesicle membrane. The process begins with a step that directs a substance to the forming vesicle, and includes vesicle budding and coating. Vesicles are then targeted to, and fuse with, an acceptor membrane.

A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bounded vesicles; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the vesicle membrane. The process begins with a step that directs a substance to the forming vesicle, and includes vesicle budding and coating. Vesicles are then targeted to, and fuse with, an acceptor membrane.

The directed movement of substances mediated by an endosome, a membrane-bounded organelle that carries materials enclosed in the lumen or located in the endosomal membrane.

The directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, within cells.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell, and its separation into two daughter cells.

The directed movement of substances from endosomes to lysosomes by a pathway in which molecules are sorted into multivesicular bodies, which then fuse with the lysosome.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipid stimulus.

The homotypic fusion of endocytic vesicles to form or add to an early endosome.

A mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that detects a defect in cytokinesis and prevents further rounds of nuclear division until cytokinesis is completed.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a multi-organism process in which a virus is a participant.

Any process that modulates the rate or extent of the viral life cycle, the set of processes by which a virus reproduces and spreads among hosts.

The process in which protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers, are broken down. Depolymerization occurs by the successive removal of monomers from an existing poly- or oligomeric protein.

The process resulting in division and partitioning of components of a cell to form more cells; may or may not be accompanied by the physical separation of a cell into distinct, individually membrane-bounded daughter cells.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of potassium ions within an organism or cell.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of sodium ions within an organism or cell.

Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of cell death. Cell death is the specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death.

A protein depolymerization process that results in the disassembly of vesicle coat proteins.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic spindle assembly.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of exosomal secretion.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of centriole elongation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral budding via host ESCRT complex.

The process of directing proteins towards the vacuole, usually using signals contained within the protein.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear envelope.

Behavior that is dependent upon the sensation of a mechanical stimulus.

The controlled release of proteins from a cell.

The set of specific processes that generate the ability of an organism to induce an abnormal, generally detrimental state in another organism.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm.

The directed movement of substances mediated by an endosome, a membrane-bounded organelle that carries materials enclosed in the lumen or located in the endosomal membrane.

The process in which a multicellular organism, a unicellular organism or a group of unicellular organisms grow in a threadlike, filamentous shape.

Growth of fungi as threadlike, tubular structures that may contain multiple nuclei and may or may not be divided internally by septa, or cross-walls.

The process of directing proteins towards the vacuole that contributes to protein catabolism via the multivesicular body (MVB) pathway.

The process in which a group of unicellular organisms grow in a threadlike, filamentous shape.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lithium (Li+) ion stimulus.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a postsynaptic membrane.

A vacuole to which materials ingested by endocytosis are delivered.

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached).

A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it.

An ESCRT complex that has AAA-ATPase activity and is involved in ESCRT-mediated intralumenal vesicle formation and the final stages of cytokinesis. The complex catalyzes disassembly of the ESCRT III filament around the neck of the budding vesicle in an ATP-driven reaction, resulting in membrane scission and recycling of the ESCRT III components back to the cytosol. In yeast, it is formed by the AAA ATPase Vps4 and its cofactor Vta1.

Either of the ends of a spindle, where spindle microtubules are organized; usually contains a microtubule organizing center and accessory molecules, spindle microtubules and astral microtubules.

A structure comprised of a core structure (in most organisms, a pair of centrioles) and peripheral material from which a microtubule-based structure, such as a spindle apparatus, is organized. Centrosomes occur close to the nucleus during interphase in many eukaryotic cells, though in animal cells it changes continually during the cell-division cycle.

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm.

A cell part that is the central region of the midbody characterized by a gap in alpha-tubulin staining. It is a dense structure of antiparallel microtubules from the central spindle in the middle of the intercellular bridge.

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

A membrane-bounded organelle that receives incoming material from primary endocytic vesicles that have been generated by clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis; vesicles fuse with the early endosome to deliver cargo for sorting into recycling or degradation pathways.

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

The lipid bilayer surrounding an endosome.

Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus.

Either of the ends of a spindle, where spindle microtubules are organized; usually contains a microtubule organizing center and accessory molecules, spindle microtubules and astral microtubules.

A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.

A vacuole to which materials ingested by endocytosis are delivered.

A vacuole to which materials ingested by endocytosis are delivered.

A structure comprised of a core structure (in most organisms, a pair of centrioles) and peripheral material from which a microtubule-based structure, such as a spindle apparatus, is organized. Centrosomes occur close to the nucleus during interphase in many eukaryotic cells, though in animal cells it changes continually during the cell-division cycle.

The lipid bilayer surrounding an endosome.

A thin cytoplasmic bridge formed between daughter cells at the end of cytokinesis. The midbody forms where the contractile ring constricts, and may persist for some time before finally breaking to complete cytokinesis.

A cell part that is the central region of the midbody characterized by a gap in alpha-tubulin staining. It is a dense structure of antiparallel microtubules from the central spindle in the middle of the intercellular bridge.

A small lytic vacuole that has cell cycle-independent morphology and is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases, most of which have their maximal activities in the pH range 5-6. The contained enzymes display latency if properly isolated. About 40 different lysosomal hydrolases are known and lysosomes have a great variety of morphologies and functions.

A prelysosomal endocytic organelle differentiated from early endosomes by lower lumenal pH and different protein composition. Late endosomes are more spherical than early endosomes and are mostly juxtanuclear, being concentrated near the microtubule organizing center.

The lipid bilayer surrounding the vacuole and separating its contents from the cytoplasm of the cell.

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

The lipid bilayer surrounding an endosome.

A thin cytoplasmic bridge formed between daughter cells at the end of cytokinesis. The midbody forms where the contractile ring constricts, and may persist for some time before finally breaking to complete cytokinesis.

All of the contents of a cilium, excluding the plasma membrane surrounding the cilium.

An ESCRT complex that has AAA-ATPase activity and is involved in ESCRT-mediated intralumenal vesicle formation and the final stages of cytokinesis. The complex catalyzes disassembly of the ESCRT III filament around the neck of the budding vesicle in an ATP-driven reaction, resulting in membrane scission and recycling of the ESCRT III components back to the cytosol. In yeast, it is formed by the AAA ATPase Vps4 and its cofactor Vta1.

A small lytic vacuole that has cell cycle-independent morphology and is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases, most of which have their maximal activities in the pH range 5-6. The contained enzymes display latency if properly isolated. About 40 different lysosomal hydrolases are known and lysosomes have a great variety of morphologies and functions.

A membrane-bounded organelle that receives incoming material from primary endocytic vesicles that have been generated by clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis; vesicles fuse with the early endosome to deliver cargo for sorting into recycling or degradation pathways.

A prelysosomal endocytic organelle differentiated from early endosomes by lower lumenal pH and different protein composition. Late endosomes are more spherical than early endosomes and are mostly juxtanuclear, being concentrated near the microtubule organizing center.

A type of endosome in which regions of the limiting endosomal membrane invaginate to form internal vesicles; membrane proteins that enter the internal vesicles are sequestered from the cytoplasm.

The lipid bilayer surrounding the vacuole and separating its contents from the cytoplasm of the cell.

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

A fine cytoplasmic channel, found in all higher plants, that connects the cytoplasm of one cell to that of an adjacent cell.

A thin cytoplasmic bridge formed between daughter cells at the end of cytokinesis. The midbody forms where the contractile ring constricts, and may persist for some time before finally breaking to complete cytokinesis.

Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus.

An endosomal sorting complex required for transport. Consists of two soluble subcomplexes of highly charged coiled-coil proteins and is required for sorting and/or concentration of multivesicular body (MVB) cargoes.

A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

All of the contents of a cilium, excluding the plasma membrane surrounding the cilium.