The process of targeting specific proteins to particular regions of the cell, typically membrane-bounded subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif.

The process that results in increased metabolic rate in tissues of an organism. It is triggered by the detection of dietary excess. This process is achieved via signalling in the sympathetic nervous system.

The process of targeting specific proteins to particular regions of the cell, typically membrane-bounded subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of triglyceride.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell migration.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the BMP signaling pathway.

The process that results in the return of an insulin receptor to an active state at the plasma membrane. An active state is when the receptor is ready to receive an insulin signal. Internalized insulin receptors can be recycled to the plasma membrane or sorted to lysosomes for protein degradation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid-beta formation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of aspartic-type endopeptidase activity involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of metalloendopeptidase activity involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.

The regulated production of heat in response to short term environmental changes, such as stress, diet or reduced temperature.

The process that results in increased metabolic rate in tissues of an organism. It is triggered by the detection of dietary excess. This process is achieved via signalling in the sympathetic nervous system.

The process of targeting specific proteins to particular regions of the cell, typically membrane-bounded subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif.

The process of targeting specific proteins to particular regions of the cell, typically membrane-bounded subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif.

The process of directing proteins towards the lysosome using signals contained within the protein.

The process of directing proteins towards the lysosome using signals contained within the protein.

The process of directing proteins towards the lysosome using signals contained within the protein.

The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to other parts of the cell, including organelles and the plasma membrane, mediated by small transport vesicles.

The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to other parts of the cell, including organelles and the plasma membrane, mediated by small transport vesicles.

The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to other parts of the cell, including organelles and the plasma membrane, mediated by small transport vesicles.

An endocytosis process in which cell surface receptors ensure specificity of transport. A specific receptor on the cell surface binds tightly to the extracellular macromolecule (the ligand) that it recognizes; the plasma-membrane region containing the receptor-ligand complex then undergoes endocytosis, forming a transport vesicle containing the receptor-ligand complex and excluding most other plasma-membrane proteins. Receptor-mediated endocytosis generally occurs via clathrin-coated pits and vesicles.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of triglyceride.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell migration.

The controlled self-propelled movement of a cell from one site to a destination guided by molecular cues. Cell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the BMP signaling pathway.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein oligomerization.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein oligomerization.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein oligomerization.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the Golgi apparatus.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the Golgi apparatus.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the Golgi apparatus.

The process that results in the return of an insulin receptor to an active state at the plasma membrane. An active state is when the receptor is ready to receive an insulin signal. Internalized insulin receptors can be recycled to the plasma membrane or sorted to lysosomes for protein degradation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase activity.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase activity.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a specific protein, rather than of proteins in general, occurring at the level of an individual cell. Includes cellular protein modification.

The retention of proteins within the Golgi apparatus. Golgi-localized carbohydrate-modifying enzymes have a short N-terminal domain that faces the cytosol, a single transmembrane alpha helix, and a large C-terminal domain that faces the Golgi lumen and that contains the catalytic site. How the membrane-spanning alpha helix in a Golgi enzyme causes its localization and prevents its movement to the plasma membrane is not known.

The retention of proteins within the Golgi apparatus. Golgi-localized carbohydrate-modifying enzymes have a short N-terminal domain that faces the cytosol, a single transmembrane alpha helix, and a large C-terminal domain that faces the Golgi lumen and that contains the catalytic site. How the membrane-spanning alpha helix in a Golgi enzyme causes its localization and prevents its movement to the plasma membrane is not known.

The retention of proteins within the Golgi apparatus. Golgi-localized carbohydrate-modifying enzymes have a short N-terminal domain that faces the cytosol, a single transmembrane alpha helix, and a large C-terminal domain that faces the Golgi lumen and that contains the catalytic site. How the membrane-spanning alpha helix in a Golgi enzyme causes its localization and prevents its movement to the plasma membrane is not known.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of insulin receptor signaling.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of insulin receptor signaling.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of insulin receptor signaling.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the generation of cells within the nervous system.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the generation of cells within the nervous system.

Any process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein.

Any process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein.

Any process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of directed movement of proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of directed movement of proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of directed movement of proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron death.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron death.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid-beta formation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid-beta formation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of choline O-acetyltransferase activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of choline O-acetyltransferase activity.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tau-protein kinase activity.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tau-protein kinase activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ER to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ER to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ER to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of early endosome to recycling endosome transport.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of early endosome to recycling endosome transport.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of early endosome to recycling endosome transport.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of aspartic-type endopeptidase activity involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of aspartic-type endopeptidase activity involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of metalloendopeptidase activity involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to early endosome.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to early endosome.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to early endosome.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neurofibrillary tangle assembly.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neurofibrillary tangle assembly.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of adipose tissue development.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of adipose tissue development.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of adipose tissue development.

The regulated production of heat in response to short term environmental changes, such as stress, diet or reduced temperature.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endocytic recycling.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endocytic recycling.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endocytic recycling.

A vacuole to which materials ingested by endocytosis are delivered.

A membrane-bounded organelle that receives incoming material from primary endocytic vesicles that have been generated by clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis; vesicles fuse with the early endosome to deliver cargo for sorting into recycling or degradation pathways.

A type of endosome in which regions of the limiting endosomal membrane invaginate to form internal vesicles; membrane proteins that enter the internal vesicles are sequestered from the cytoplasm.

The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached).

A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions.

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid.

The region between the two lipid bilayers of the nuclear envelope; 20-40 nm wide.

A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it.

The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the Golgi apparatus.

That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid.

The region between the two lipid bilayers of the nuclear envelope; 20-40 nm wide.

A vacuole to which materials ingested by endocytosis are delivered.

A vacuole to which materials ingested by endocytosis are delivered.

A membrane-bounded organelle that receives incoming material from primary endocytic vesicles that have been generated by clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis; vesicles fuse with the early endosome to deliver cargo for sorting into recycling or degradation pathways.

A membrane-bounded organelle that receives incoming material from primary endocytic vesicles that have been generated by clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis; vesicles fuse with the early endosome to deliver cargo for sorting into recycling or degradation pathways.

A membrane-bounded organelle that receives incoming material from primary endocytic vesicles that have been generated by clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis; vesicles fuse with the early endosome to deliver cargo for sorting into recycling or degradation pathways.

A type of endosome in which regions of the limiting endosomal membrane invaginate to form internal vesicles; membrane proteins that enter the internal vesicles are sequestered from the cytoplasm.

A type of endosome in which regions of the limiting endosomal membrane invaginate to form internal vesicles; membrane proteins that enter the internal vesicles are sequestered from the cytoplasm.

The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached).

The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached).

A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions.

A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions.

The network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures located within the Golgi apparatus on the side distal to the endoplasmic reticulum, from which secretory vesicles emerge. The trans-Golgi network is important in the later stages of protein secretion where it is thought to play a key role in the sorting and targeting of secreted proteins to the correct destination.

The network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures located within the Golgi apparatus on the side distal to the endoplasmic reticulum, from which secretory vesicles emerge. The trans-Golgi network is important in the later stages of protein secretion where it is thought to play a key role in the sorting and targeting of secreted proteins to the correct destination.

The network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures located within the Golgi apparatus on the side distal to the endoplasmic reticulum, from which secretory vesicles emerge. The trans-Golgi network is important in the later stages of protein secretion where it is thought to play a key role in the sorting and targeting of secreted proteins to the correct destination.

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.

The lipid bilayer surrounding an endosome.

A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it.

Any of the thin, flattened membrane-bounded compartments that form the central portion of the Golgi complex.

Any of the thin, flattened membrane-bounded compartments that form the central portion of the Golgi complex.

Any of the thin, flattened membrane-bounded compartments that form the central portion of the Golgi complex.

The portion of a neuron that includes the nucleus, but excludes cell projections such as axons and dendrites.

Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus.

An organelle consisting of a network of tubules that functions in targeting molecules, such as receptors transporters and lipids, to the plasma membrane.

An organelle consisting of a network of tubules that functions in targeting molecules, such as receptors transporters and lipids, to the plasma membrane.

An organelle consisting of a network of tubules that functions in targeting molecules, such as receptors transporters and lipids, to the plasma membrane.

A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm.