A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in the plasma membrane.

The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a membrane raft, a small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalizes cellular processes.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast differentiation. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.

Any process involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of a protein and preventing it from degradation or aggregation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of an animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA or circRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA or circRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a plasma membrane raft.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of T cell polarity.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a membrane raft, a small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalizes cellular processes.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor internalization.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis.

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of skeletal muscle tissue development.

Any process involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of a protein and preventing it from degradation or aggregation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB.

A series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase C, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in the plasma membrane.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast fusion.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell junction assembly.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell-cell adhesion mediated by cadherin.

Formation of a multilayered, melanized sheath of cells around a foreign invader.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway by the directed movement of a Wnt protein within the extracellular region.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a Wnt protein from a cell.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of production of a cytokine.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor internalization.

A vesicle-mediated transport process in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle.

A vesicle-mediated transport process in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle.

De novo generation of a long process of a neuron, including the terminal branched region. Refers to the morphogenesis or creation of shape or form of the developing axon, which carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells.

The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of an axon growth cone to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.

The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of an axon growth cone to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.

A process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding.

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dopaminergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter dopamine.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-beta production.

The directed movement of dsRNA, double-stranded ribonucleic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of heterotypic cell-cell adhesion.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stress acting at the endoplasmic reticulum. ER stress usually results from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a plasma membrane raft.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis.

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of skeletal muscle tissue development.

The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of identical component monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into a neuron or glial cell.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of cell adhesion molecule production. Cell adhesion molecule production is the appearance of a cell adhesion molecule as a result of its biosynthesis or a decrease in its catabolism.

A series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase C, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an exogenous double-stranded RNA stimulus.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast fusion.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell junction assembly.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a membrane raft.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell-cell adhesion mediated by cadherin.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of production of a cytokine.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA or circRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA or circRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.

A process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix.

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dopaminergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter dopamine.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-beta production.

The directed movement of dsRNA, double-stranded ribonucleic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of heterotypic cell-cell adhesion.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stress acting at the endoplasmic reticulum. ER stress usually results from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a plasma membrane raft.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a plasma membrane raft.

The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of identical component monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into a neuron or glial cell.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into a neuron or glial cell.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of cell adhesion molecule production. Cell adhesion molecule production is the appearance of a cell adhesion molecule as a result of its biosynthesis or a decrease in its catabolism.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an exogenous double-stranded RNA stimulus.

The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell body toward the postsynapse in dendrites.

The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell body toward the postsynapse in dendrites.

Any process that regulates the the local concentration of neurotransmitter receptor at the postsynaptic membrane.

Any process that regulates the the local concentration of neurotransmitter receptor at the postsynaptic membrane.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a membrane raft.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of T cell polarity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epiboly involved in gastrulation with mouth forming second.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell-cell adhesion mediated by cadherin.

A vacuole to which materials ingested by endocytosis are delivered.

Any of the small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalize cellular processes. Small rafts can sometimes be stabilized to form larger platforms through protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions.

A protein complex that contains flotillin-1 and flotillin-2, and may contain associated proteins. Flotillins associate into membrane microdomains resembling caveolae.

A membrane raft that forms small pit, depression, or invagination that communicates with the outside of a cell and extends inward, indenting the cytoplasm and the cell membrane. Examples include flask-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane in adipocytes associated with caveolin proteins, and minute pits or incuppings of the cell membrane formed during pinocytosis. Caveolae may be pinched off to form free vesicles within the cytoplasm.

A vesicle found in the cytoplasm of a cell.

A membrane projection with related cytoskeletal components at the trailing edge of a cell in the process of migrating or being activated, found on the opposite side of the cell from the leading edge or immunological synapse, respectively.

A vacuole to which materials ingested by endocytosis are delivered.

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

An adherens junction which connects a cell to another cell.

Small region on the surface of a cell that anchors the cell to the extracellular matrix and that forms a point of termination of actin filaments.

A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it.

The region of the plasma membrane that includes the basal end and sides of the cell. Often used in reference to animal polarized epithelial membranes, where the basal membrane is the part attached to the extracellular matrix, or in plant cells, where the basal membrane is defined with respect to the zygotic axis.

A thin sheetlike process extended by the leading edge of a migrating cell or extending cell process; contains a dense meshwork of actin filaments.

Extended zone of intimate apposition between two cells containing one or more types of intercellular junctions, e.g., the intercalated disk of muscle.

A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm.

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle formed by invagination of the plasma membrane around an extracellular substance. Endocytic vesicles fuse with early endosomes to deliver the cargo for further sorting.

Any small, fluid-filled, spherical organelle enclosed by membrane.

Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus.

Any of the small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalize cellular processes. Small rafts can sometimes be stabilized to form larger platforms through protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions.

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle formed by invagination of the plasma membrane around an extracellular substance. Endocytic vesicles fuse with early endosomes to deliver the cargo for further sorting.

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

The lipid bilayer surrounding the lysosome and separating its contents from the cell cytoplasm.

A protein complex that contains flotillin-1 and flotillin-2, and may contain associated proteins. Flotillins associate into membrane microdomains resembling caveolae.

A membrane projection with related cytoskeletal components at the trailing edge of a cell in the process of migrating or being activated, found on the opposite side of the cell from the leading edge or immunological synapse, respectively.

A vacuole to which materials ingested by endocytosis are delivered.

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

A membrane raft that forms small pit, depression, or invagination that communicates with the outside of a cell and extends inward, indenting the cytoplasm and the cell membrane. Examples include flask-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane in adipocytes associated with caveolin proteins, and minute pits or incuppings of the cell membrane formed during pinocytosis. Caveolae may be pinched off to form free vesicles within the cytoplasm.

An adherens junction which connects a cell to another cell.

A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it.

The region of the plasma membrane that includes the basal end and sides of the cell. Often used in reference to animal polarized epithelial membranes, where the basal membrane is the part attached to the extracellular matrix, or in plant cells, where the basal membrane is defined with respect to the zygotic axis.

A protein complex that contains flotillin-1 and flotillin-2, and may contain associated proteins. Flotillins associate into membrane microdomains resembling caveolae.

A thin sheetlike process extended by the leading edge of a migrating cell or extending cell process; contains a dense meshwork of actin filaments.

A vesicle found in the cytoplasm of a cell.

Extended zone of intimate apposition between two cells containing one or more types of intercellular junctions, e.g., the intercalated disk of muscle.

The junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron, muscle fiber or glial cell. As the nerve fiber approaches the synapse it enlarges into a specialized structure, the presynaptic nerve ending, which contains mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. At the tip of the nerve ending is the presynaptic membrane; facing it, and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft) is a specialized area of membrane on the receiving cell, known as the postsynaptic membrane. In response to the arrival of nerve impulses, the presynaptic nerve ending secretes molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane.

A synapse that uses glutamate as a neurotransmitter.

A synapse that uses glutamate as a neurotransmitter.

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

A membrane-bounded organelle that receives incoming material from primary endocytic vesicles that have been generated by clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis; vesicles fuse with the early endosome to deliver cargo for sorting into recycling or degradation pathways.

An intracellular structure that can catalyze gamma-tubulin-dependent microtubule nucleation and that can anchor microtubules by interacting with their minus ends, plus ends or sides.

A cell junction that forms a connection between two or more cells in a multicellular organism; excludes direct cytoplasmic junctions such as ring canals.

The leaflet of the plasma membrane that faces away from the cytoplasm and any proteins embedded or anchored in it or attached to its surface.

A small (70-100 nm) cytoplasmic granule that contains a number of centrosomal proteins; centriolar satellites traffic toward microtubule minus ends and are enriched near the centrosome.

The outer membrane of a muscle cell, consisting of the plasma membrane, a covering basement membrane (about 100 nm thick and sometimes common to more than one fiber), and the associated loose network of collagen fibers.

A membrane raft that is part of the plasma membrane.

Any of the small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalize cellular processes. Small rafts can sometimes be stabilized to form larger platforms through protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions.

The junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron, muscle fiber or glial cell. As the nerve fiber approaches the synapse it enlarges into a specialized structure, the presynaptic nerve ending, which contains mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. At the tip of the nerve ending is the presynaptic membrane; facing it, and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft) is a specialized area of membrane on the receiving cell, known as the postsynaptic membrane. In response to the arrival of nerve impulses, the presynaptic nerve ending secretes molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane.

A specialized region of the plasma membrane and cell cortex of a presynaptic neuron; encompasses a region of the plasma membrane where synaptic vesicles dock and fuse, and a specialized cortical cytoskeletal matrix.

A synapse that uses dopamine as a neurotransmitter.

The part of a synapse that is part of the presynaptic cell.

A synapse that uses glutamate as a neurotransmitter.

A synapse that uses GABA as a neurotransmitter. These synapses are typically inhibitory.

The membrane that surrounds the acrosomal lumen. The acrosome is a special type of lysosome in the head of a spermatozoon that contains acid hydrolases and is concerned with the breakdown of the outer membrane of the ovum during fertilization.

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

A membrane-bounded organelle that receives incoming material from primary endocytic vesicles that have been generated by clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis; vesicles fuse with the early endosome to deliver cargo for sorting into recycling or degradation pathways.

An intracellular structure that can catalyze gamma-tubulin-dependent microtubule nucleation and that can anchor microtubules by interacting with their minus ends, plus ends or sides.

A membrane raft that forms small pit, depression, or invagination that communicates with the outside of a cell and extends inward, indenting the cytoplasm and the cell membrane. Examples include flask-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane in adipocytes associated with caveolin proteins, and minute pits or incuppings of the cell membrane formed during pinocytosis. Caveolae may be pinched off to form free vesicles within the cytoplasm.

A cell junction that forms a connection between two or more cells in a multicellular organism; excludes direct cytoplasmic junctions such as ring canals.

A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle formed by invagination of the plasma membrane around an extracellular substance. Endocytic vesicles fuse with early endosomes to deliver the cargo for further sorting.

Any small, fluid-filled, spherical organelle enclosed by membrane.

A small (70-100 nm) cytoplasmic granule that contains a number of centrosomal proteins; centriolar satellites traffic toward microtubule minus ends and are enriched near the centrosome.

The region of a polarized cell that forms a tip or is distal to a base. For example, in a polarized epithelial cell, the apical region has an exposed surface and lies opposite to the basal lamina that separates the epithelium from other tissue.

The junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron, muscle fiber or glial cell. As the nerve fiber approaches the synapse it enlarges into a specialized structure, the presynaptic nerve ending, which contains mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. At the tip of the nerve ending is the presynaptic membrane; facing it, and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft) is a specialized area of membrane on the receiving cell, known as the postsynaptic membrane. In response to the arrival of nerve impulses, the presynaptic nerve ending secretes molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane.

Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus.

A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm.

A synapse that uses dopamine as a neurotransmitter.

A synapse that uses dopamine as a neurotransmitter.

A synapse that uses glutamate as a neurotransmitter.

The component of the presynaptic active zone membrane consisting of the gene products that are tethered to the membrane only by a covalently attached anchor, such as a lipid group that is embedded in the membrane. Gene products with peptide sequences that are embedded in the membrane are excluded from this grouping.

The component of the presynaptic active zone membrane consisting of the gene products that are tethered to the membrane only by a covalently attached anchor, such as a lipid group that is embedded in the membrane. Gene products with peptide sequences that are embedded in the membrane are excluded from this grouping.

The component of the presynaptic active zone membrane consisting of the gene products that are tethered to the membrane only by a covalently attached anchor, such as a lipid group that is embedded in the membrane. Gene products with peptide sequences that are embedded in the membrane are excluded from this grouping.

A specialized region of the plasma membrane and cell cortex of a presynaptic neuron; encompasses a region of the plasma membrane where synaptic vesicles dock and fuse, and a specialized cortical cytoskeletal matrix.

A specialized region of the plasma membrane and cell cortex of a presynaptic neuron; encompasses a region of the plasma membrane where synaptic vesicles dock and fuse, and a specialized cortical cytoskeletal matrix.

The part of a synapse that is part of the presynaptic cell.

A synapse that uses GABA as a neurotransmitter. These synapses are typically inhibitory.

A synapse that uses GABA as a neurotransmitter. These synapses are typically inhibitory.