The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules.

The attachment of a plasma membrane adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell.

The change in form that occurs when an epithelial cell progresses from its initial formation to its mature state.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments. Includes processes that control the spatial distribution of actin filaments, such as organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking.

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the apicobasal polarity of an epithelial cell.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pronephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the pronephros is the first of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the pronephros is the fully functional embryonic kidney and is indispensable for larval life.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an open tracheal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An open tracheal system is a respiratory system, a branched network of epithelial tubes that supplies oxygen to target tissues via spiracles. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.

The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that require the presence of calcium for the interaction.

The complete process of formation and maturation of an ovum or female gamete from a primordial female germ cell. Examples of this process are found in Mus musculus and Drosophila melanogaster.

The process in which the anatomical structures of cartilage are generated and organized.

The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history.

The attachment of a plasma membrane adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell.

Growth of the egg chamber between the time it leaves the germarium and the onset of vitellogenesis. During this time both nurse cells and the oocyte undergo developmental changes including nuclear organization and cytoplasmic growth. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the salivary gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Salivary glands include any of the saliva-secreting exocrine glands of the oral cavity.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the foregut are generated and organized.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the hindgut are generated and organized.

The orderly movement of an epithelial cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.

The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that require the presence of calcium for the interaction.

The controlled self-propelled movement of a cell from one site to a destination guided by molecular cues. Cell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms.

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized actin-based cytoskeletal structures.

The attachment of a cell to the underlying substrate via adhesion molecules.

Coordinated organization of groups of cells in the plane of a follicular epithelium, such that they all orient to similar coordinates.

The attachment of one cell to another cell via a cadherin, transmembrane proteins having repeating extracellular calcium ion binding domains.

The attachment of one cell to another cell via a cadherin, transmembrane proteins having repeating extracellular calcium ion binding domains.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the organism's first line of defense against infection.

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a Gram-negative bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of a filopodium, a thin, stiff protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal growth cone.

The cell migration process in which a follicle cell migrates as part of an epithelial sheet between the nurse cells and the oocyte. At the end of migration, they cover the anterior of the oocyte.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cell leading edge.

The developmental process in which the size or shape of a cell is generated and organized.

Coordinated organization of groups of cells in the plane of an epithelium, such that they all orient to similar coordinates.

Coordinated organization of groups of cells in the plane of an epithelium, such that they all orient to similar coordinates.

Orientation of hairs in the imaginal disc-derived wing along a proximal-distal axis, such that each cell of the wing produces one wing hair which points in a distal direction.

The morphogenetic process in which the anatomical structures of a polarized epithelium are generated and organized. A polarized epithelium is an epithelium where the epithelial sheet is oriented with respect to the planar axis.

The morphogenetic process in which the anatomical structures of the compound eye are generated and organized. The adult compound eye is a precise assembly of 700-800 ommatidia. Each ommatidium is composed of 20 cells, identified by cell type and position. An example of compound eye morphogenesis is found in Drosophila melanogaster.

The morphogenetic process in which the anatomical structures of the compound eye are generated and organized. The adult compound eye is a precise assembly of 700-800 ommatidia. Each ommatidium is composed of 20 cells, identified by cell type and position. An example of compound eye morphogenesis is found in Drosophila melanogaster.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the optic placode over time, from its formation to the mature structure. During embryonic stage 12 the placode starts to invaginate, forming a pouch. Cells that will form Bolwig's organ segregate from the ventral lip of this pouch, remaining in the head epidermis. The remainder of the invagination loses contact with the outer surface and becomes the optic lobe. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.

The characteristic movement of an immature neuron from germinal zones to specific positions where they will reside as they mature.

The process in which the anatomical structures of epithelia are generated and organized. An epithelium consists of closely packed cells arranged in one or more layers, that covers the outer surfaces of the body or lines any internal cavity or tube.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the outflow tract are generated and organized. The outflow tract is the portion of the heart through which blood flows into the arteries.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments. Includes processes that control the spatial distribution of actin filaments, such as organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking.

The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules.

The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules.

The attachment of a plasma membrane adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell.

The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to a nonidentical adhesion molecule in an adjacent cell.

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.

Coordinated organization of groups of cells in a tissue, such that they all orient to similar coordinates.

Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. This process includes signal transduction in the receiving cell and, where applicable, release of a ligand and any processes that actively facilitate its transport and presentation to the receiving cell. Examples include signaling via soluble ligands, via cell adhesion molecules and via gap junctions.

The directed movement of a pole cell (germline progenitors in insects) from its site of production at the posterior pole of the embryo through to the site where the gonads will form.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an immature germ cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure (gamete). A germ cell is any reproductive cell in a multicellular organism.

The directed movement of an ovarian follicle cell that takes place during oogenesis. During egg chamber formation, follicle cells migrate to envelop the germ-line cysts and move in between cysts. At stage 10B, follicle cells migrate centripetally between the nurse cells and the oocyte, enclosing the anterior of the egg. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.

The directed movement of a border cell through the nurse cells to reach the oocyte. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.

The directed movement of a border cell through the nurse cells to reach the oocyte. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.

Polarization of the oocyte along its anterior-posterior axis. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.

Formation of a ventral indentation (furrow) from the blastoderm epithelium, which is internalized to form a tube in the interior of the embryo, marking the start of gastrulation.

The process in which segments assume individual identities; exemplified in insects by the actions of the products of the homeotic genes.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state.

De novo generation of a long process of a neuron, including the terminal branched region. Refers to the morphogenesis or creation of shape or form of the developing axon, which carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells.

The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of an axon growth cone to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Brain development begins with patterning events in the neural tube and ends with the mature structure that is the center of thought and emotion. The brain is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.).

The process in which the anatomical structures of the salivary gland are generated and organized.

The increase in mass of imaginal discs by cell proliferation prior to metamorphosis. Imaginal discs are epithelial infoldings in the larvae of holometabolous insects that develop into adult structures (legs, antennae, wings, etc.) during metamorphosis from larval to adult form.

The regionalization process that results in defined areas of the imaginal disc that will undergo specific cell differentaiton. Imaginal discs are epithelial infoldings in the larvae of holometabolous insects that develop into adult appendages (legs, antennae, wings, etc.) during metamorphosis from larval to adult form.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the imaginal disc-derived wing are generated and organized. The wing is an appendage modified for flying.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gonadal mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The gonadal mesoderm is the middle layer of the three primary germ layers of the embryo which will go on to form the gonads of the organism.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood.

Movement of the anterior ectoderm to the interior of the embryo.

The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation.

The orderly movement of a cell specialized to produce haploid gametes through the embryo from its site of production to the place where the gonads will form.

The asymmetric division of cells to produce two daughter cells with different developmental potentials. It is of fundamental significance for the generation of cell diversity.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The gonad is an animal organ that produces gametes; in some species it also produces hormones.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The gonad is an animal organ that produces gametes; in some species it also produces hormones.

The process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

A complex and coordinated series of cellular movements, including germ band extension, that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA or circRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA or circRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.

The orderly movement of an epithelial cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.

The orderly movement of an epithelial cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.

The orderly movement of an epithelial cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.

The process in which the vertebrate retina is organized into three laminae: the outer nuclear layer (ONL), which contains photoreceptor nuclei; the inner nuclear layer (INL), which contains amacrine, bipolar and horizontal cells; and the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) layer. Between the inner and outer nuclear layers, the outer plexiform layer (OPL) contains connections between the photoreceptors and bipolar and horizontal cells. The inner plexiform layer (IPL) is positioned between the INL and the ganglion cell layer and contains the dendrites of RGCs and processes of bipolar and amacrine cells. Spanning all layers of the retina are the radially oriented Mueller glia.

The process in which photoreceptors are arranged in ommatidia in the dorsal and ventral fields to be mirror images. The polarity is established in the imaginal discs concurrently with cell fate specification.

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of a polarized larval imaginal disc epithelium.

The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that require the presence of calcium for the interaction.

The controlled self-propelled movement of a cell from one site to a destination guided by molecular cues. Cell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms.

The formation of a covalent cross-link between or within protein chains.

Formation of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.

Formation of a single follicular epithelium around the germ-line derived cells of a cyst formed in the germarium. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.

Directed movement of the oocyte, following its specification, from its original central position in the cyst to a posterior position relative to the nurse cells of the egg chamber, and its maintenance in this posterior location. This is the first sign of anterior-posterior asymmetry in the developing egg chamber.

The attachment of a cell to the underlying substrate via adhesion molecules.

The attachment of a cell to the underlying substrate via adhesion molecules.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.

Any process by which an organism retains a population of somatic stem cells, undifferentiated cells in the embryo or adult which can undergo unlimited division and give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line.

Any process by which an organism retains a population of somatic stem cells, undifferentiated cells in the embryo or adult which can undergo unlimited division and give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line.

The directed movement of a hemocyte within the embryo. Hemocytes are blood cells associated with a hemocoel (the cavity containing most of the major organs of the arthropod body) which are involved in defense and clotting of hemolymph, but not involved in transport of oxygen. In Drosophila, embryonic hemocytes originate from the head mesoderm as a cluster of cells. The cluster splits into two and one group of cells crosses the amnioserosa. Both populations then spread toward the middle of the embryo and then disperse evenly throughout the embryo.

Fusing of specific tracheal branches in an open tracheal system to branches from neighboring hemisegments to form a continuous tracheal network. Branch fusion is mediated by individual cells at the tip of each branch, which contact a similar cell and undergo a coordinated series of morphogenetic events that create a bicellular fusion joint.

Ensuring that a tube in an open tracheal system is of the correct length.

Ensuring that tracheal tubes in an open tracheal system maintain their epithelial structure during the cell shape changes and movements that occur during the branching process.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pupa over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pupa is a dormant life stage interposed between the larval and the adult stages in insects that undergo a complete metamorphosis.

Competitive interactions within multicellular organisms between cell populations that differ in growth rates, leading to the elimination of the slowest-growing cells.

Progression of the wing disc over time, from its initial formation through to its metamorphosis to form adult structures including the wing hinge, wing blade and pleura.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the gonads are generated and organized. A gonad is an animal organ producing gametes, e.g. the testes or the ovary in mammals.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the gonads are generated and organized. A gonad is an animal organ producing gametes, e.g. the testes or the ovary in mammals.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hippo signaling.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hippo signaling.

The process by which an organism or tissue maintains a population of female germ-line stem cells.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the growth of all or part of an organism so that it occurs at its proper speed, either globally or in a specific part of the organism's development.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the growth of all or part of an organism so that it occurs at its proper speed, either globally or in a specific part of the organism's development.

The series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.

The specification of polarized ommatidia. Ommatidia occur in two chiral forms. The trapezoidal arrangement of photoreceptors in the dorsal part of the eye is the mirror image of that in the ventral part.

The specification of polarized ommatidia. Ommatidia occur in two chiral forms. The trapezoidal arrangement of photoreceptors in the dorsal part of the eye is the mirror image of that in the ventral part.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, apical regions of the cell.

Assembly of the zonula adherens, a cell-cell adherens junction which forms a continuous belt near the apex of epithelial cells.

The specification and formation of the apicobasal polarity of an epithelial cell.

The formation and development of the equator that forms the boundary between the photoreceptors in the dorsal sector of the eye and those in the ventral sector, dividing the eye into dorsal and ventral halves.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the growth of the imaginal disc.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of imaginal disc growth.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of growth, the increase in size or mass of all or part of an organism.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organ of an organism.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organ of an organism.

Orientation of body hairs, projections from the surface of an organism, such that the hairs all point in a uniform direction along the surface.

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a fungus that act to protect the cell or organism.

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal via downstream effectors including C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) to modulate cytoskeletal elements and control cell polarity.

Determination of the asymmetric location of various parts of the digestive tract with respect to the left and right halves of the organism. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins and contributes to the establishment of planar polarity.

Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location in a cell that contributes to the establishment of planar polarity.

The process in which a cell elongates and contributes to imaginal disc-derived wing morphogenesis.

The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules.

The symmetric division of a male germline stem cell to produce two male germline stem cells. An example of this is found in mammalian spermatogonial stem cells, some proportion of which divide symmetrically, so amplifying the population. The choice between asymmetric and symmetric division in this case appears to be internal and stochastic.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of border follicle cell migration.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite development.

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

Thin, stiff, actin-based protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal or dendritic growth cone, or a dendritic shaft.

A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

A cell junction that forms a connection between two or more cells in a multicellular organism; excludes direct cytoplasmic junctions such as ring canals.

The region of the plasma membrane located at the apical end of the cell.

A thin sheetlike process extended by the leading edge of a migrating cell or extending cell process; contains a dense meshwork of actin filaments.

A cellular component that forms a specialized region of connection between two or more cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix. At a cell junction, anchoring proteins extend through the plasma membrane to link cytoskeletal proteins in one cell to cytoskeletal proteins in neighboring cells or to proteins in the extracellular matrix.

Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus.

The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.

A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.

A cell junction that forms a connection between two or more cells in a multicellular organism; excludes direct cytoplasmic junctions such as ring canals.

An adherens junction which connects a cell to another cell.

An adherens junction which connects a cell to another cell.

Small region on the surface of a cell that anchors the cell to the extracellular matrix and that forms a point of termination of actin filaments.

The region of the plasma membrane located at the basal end of the cell. Often used in reference to animal polarized epithelial membranes, where the basal membrane is the part attached to the extracellular matrix, or in plant cells, where the basal membrane is defined with respect to the zygotic axis.

The area of a motile cell opposite to the direction of movement.

Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus.

A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm.

A cell projection supported by an assembly of actin filaments, and which lacks microtubules.

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.

The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.

The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.

A cell junction at which anchoring proteins (cadherins or integrins) extend through the plasma membrane and are attached to actin filaments.

An adherens junction which connects a cell to another cell.

A small cell-cell adherens junction assembled during the cellularization stage of insect embyrogenesis; spot adherens junctions later fuse to form the zonula adherens.

A small cell-cell adherens junction assembled during the cellularization stage of insect embyrogenesis; spot adherens junctions later fuse to form the zonula adherens.

A cell-cell adherens junction which forms a continuous belt near the apex of epithelial cells.

Small region on the surface of a cell that anchors the cell to the extracellular matrix and that forms a point of termination of actin filaments.

The region of a cell that lies just beneath the plasma membrane and often, but not always, contains a network of actin filaments and associated proteins.

The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.

The apical end of the lateral plasma membrane of epithelial cells.

Complex of peripheral cytoplasmic proteins (alpha-, beta- and gamma-catenin) that interact with the cytoplasmic region of uvomorulin/E-cadherin to connect it to the actin cytoskeleton.

A neuron projection that has a short, tapering, morphology. Dendrites receive and integrate signals from other neurons or from sensory stimuli, and conduct nerve impulses towards the axon or the cell body. In most neurons, the impulse is conveyed from dendrites to axon via the cell body, but in some types of unipolar neuron, the impulse does not travel via the cell body.

The area of a motile cell closest to the direction of movement.

A functional unit located near the cell apex at the points of contact between epithelial cells, which in vertebrates is composed of the tight junction, the zonula adherens, and desmosomes and in some invertebrates, such as Drosophila, is composed of the subapical complex (SAC), the zonula adherens and the septate junction. Functions in the regulation of cell polarity, tissue integrity and intercellular adhesion and permeability.

An organelle consisting of a network of tubules that functions in targeting molecules, such as receptors transporters and lipids, to the plasma membrane.