Assembly of actin filaments by the addition of actin monomers to a filament.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

The process in which the anatomical structures of a dendritic spine are generated and organized. A dendritic spine is a protrusion from a dendrite and a specialized subcellular compartment involved in synaptic transmission.

The evagination of a membrane, resulting in formation of a vesicle.

Assembly or disassembly of actin filaments by the addition or removal of actin monomers from a filament.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vesicle.

Assembly of actin filaments by the addition of actin monomers to a filament.

Movement of a vesicle along an actin filament, mediated by motor proteins.

An Fc-gamma receptor signaling pathway that contributes to the endocytic engulfment of external particulate material by phagocytes.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of a filopodium, a thin, stiff protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal growth cone.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of macromolecules to form a protein-containing complex.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of clathrin-mediated endocytosis.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a thrombocyte, a nucleated cell found in all vertebrates but mammals involved in hemostasis.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myeloid and lymphoid derived organ/tissue systems of the blood and other parts of the body over time, from formation to the mature structure. The site of hemopoiesis is variable during development, but occurs primarily in bone marrow or kidney in many adult vertebrates.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte, megakaryocyte, thrombocyte, or erythrocyte lineages.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized monocyte acquires the specialized features of a macrophage.

The directed movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding.

The movement of a leukocyte in response to an external stimulus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of actin filaments by the addition of actin monomers to a filament.

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an ephrin receptor binding to an ephrin.

The movement of a macrophage in response to an external stimulus.

Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme nitric-oxide synthase.

A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil migration.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of membrane tubulation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte migration.

A process that results in a parallel arrangement of microtubules.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell antigen processing and presentation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell antigen processing and presentation.

The actin-mediated process that results in the contraction of the apical end of a polarized columnar epithelial cell.

The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell.

The evagination of a membrane, resulting in formation of a vesicle.

The evagination of a membrane, resulting in formation of a vesicle.

Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack.

Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat.

Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spermatid over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

De novo generation of a long process of a neuron, including the terminal branched region. Refers to the morphogenesis or creation of shape or form of the developing axon, which carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells.

The collection of axons into a bundle of rods, known as a fascicle.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of sensory organs over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

A process in which non-proliferating myoblasts fuse to existing fibers or to myotubes to form new fibers. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.

A process in which non-proliferating myoblasts fuse to existing fibers or to myotubes to form new fibers. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.

The sequential process in which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly or disassembly of actin filaments by the addition or removal of actin monomers from a filament.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly or disassembly of actin filaments by the addition or removal of actin monomers from a filament.

Assembly or disassembly of actin filaments by the addition or removal of actin monomers from a filament.

The asymmetric division of cells to produce two daughter cells with different developmental potentials. It is of fundamental significance for the generation of cell diversity.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the chaeta are generated and organized. A chaeta is a sensory multicellular cuticular outgrowth of a specifically differentiated cell.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of an animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic growth at neuromuscular junctions.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a bacterium.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epidermal cell, any of the cells making up the epidermis.

The infolding of a membrane.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vesicle.

The directed movement of substances mediated by an endosome, a membrane-bounded organelle that carries materials enclosed in the lumen or located in the endosomal membrane.

The developmental process in which a skeletal muscle attaches to its target (such as bone or body wall).

Any process that modulates the surface configuration of an embryonic cell.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.

Assembly of actin filaments by the addition of actin monomers to a filament.

Movement of organelles or other particles along actin filaments, or sliding of actin filaments past each other, mediated by motor proteins.

Movement of a vesicle along an actin filament, mediated by motor proteins.

A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by the Cdc42 protein switching to a GTP-bound active state.

A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by the Cdc42 protein switching to a GTP-bound active state.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.

The actin nucleation process in which actin monomers combine to form a new branch on the side of an existing actin filament; mediated by the Arp2/3 protein complex and its interaction with other proteins.

A protein complex localization process that takes place at the cellular level; as a result, a protein complex is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location within a cell.

The regionalization process that gives rise to the patterns of cell differentiation in the cuticle.

Competitive interactions within multicellular organisms between cell populations that differ in growth rates, leading to the elimination of the slowest-growing cells.

The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.

The initial step in the formation of an actin filament, in which actin monomers combine to form a new filament. Nucleation is slow relative to the subsequent addition of more monomers to extend the filament.

The commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic growth at neuromuscular junction.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

A series of molecular signals initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a T cell.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of a filopodium, a thin, stiff protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal growth cone.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of a stress fiber, a bundle of microfilaments and other proteins found in fibroblasts.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of a stress fiber, a bundle of microfilaments and other proteins found in fibroblasts.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly a stress fiber, a bundle of microfilaments and other proteins found in fibroblasts.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly a stress fiber, a bundle of microfilaments and other proteins found in fibroblasts.

Any process in which is the spindle is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.

The process in which the anatomical structures of a dendritic spine are generated and organized. A dendritic spine is a protrusion from a dendrite and a specialized subcellular compartment involved in synaptic transmission.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus. Interferon gamma is the only member of the type II interferon found so far.

An endocytosis process that begins when material is taken up into clathrin-coated pits, which then pinch off to form clathrin-coated endocytic vesicles.

A membrane tubulation process occurring in a plasma membrane.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins in the postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of clathrin-mediated endocytosis.

The evagination of a membrane, resulting in formation of a vesicle.

The infolding of a membrane.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vesicle.

Movement of a vesicle along an actin filament, mediated by motor proteins.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of actin polymerization.

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized actin-based cytoskeletal structures.

The assembly of a pseudopodium by rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton and overlying membrane.

The assembly of a pseudopodium by rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton and overlying membrane.

The assembly of a bleb, a cell extension caused by localized decoupling of the cytoskeleton from the plasma membrane and characterized by rapid formation, rounded shape, and scarcity of organelles within the protrusion. Plasma membrane blebbing occurs during apoptosis and other cellular processes, including cell locomotion, cell division, and as a result of physical or chemical stresses.

The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to the presence of 3',5'-cAMP.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of a filopodium, a thin, stiff protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal growth cone.

A membrane tubulation process occurring in a plasma membrane.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins in the postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins in the postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins in the postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a 1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one stimulus.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of clathrin-mediated endocytosis.

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.

A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of actin and associated proteins. Includes actin cytoskeleton-associated complexes.

A vesicle found in the cytoplasm of a cell.

A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm.

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

The lipid bilayer surrounding an endocytic vesicle.

The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the Golgi apparatus.

A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

A filamentous structure formed of a two-stranded helical polymer of the protein actin and associated proteins. Actin filaments are a major component of the contractile apparatus of skeletal muscle and the microfilaments of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. The filaments, comprising polymerized globular actin molecules, appear as flexible structures with a diameter of 5-9 nm. They are organized into a variety of linear bundles, two-dimensional networks, and three dimensional gels. In the cytoskeleton they are most highly concentrated in the cortex of the cell just beneath the plasma membrane.

A filamentous structure formed of a two-stranded helical polymer of the protein actin and associated proteins. Actin filaments are a major component of the contractile apparatus of skeletal muscle and the microfilaments of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. The filaments, comprising polymerized globular actin molecules, appear as flexible structures with a diameter of 5-9 nm. They are organized into a variety of linear bundles, two-dimensional networks, and three dimensional gels. In the cytoskeleton they are most highly concentrated in the cortex of the cell just beneath the plasma membrane.

Thin cylindrical membrane-covered projections on the surface of an animal cell containing a core bundle of actin filaments. Present in especially large numbers on the absorptive surface of intestinal cells.

A cell junction that forms a connection between two or more cells in a multicellular organism; excludes direct cytoplasmic junctions such as ring canals.

The lipid bilayer surrounding any membrane-bounded vesicle in the cell.

The specialized microvilli-containing organelle on the apical surfaces of a photoreceptor cell containing the visual pigment rhodopsin and most of the proteins involved in phototransduction.

A thin sheetlike process extended by the leading edge of a migrating cell or extending cell process; contains a dense meshwork of actin filaments.

Polarized accumulation of cytoskeletal proteins (including F-actin) and regulatory proteins in a cell. An example of this is the actin cap found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The area of a motile cell closest to the direction of movement.

A vesicle found in the cytoplasm of a cell.

The junction between the axon of a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. In response to the arrival of action potentials, the presynaptic button releases molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane of the muscle fiber, leading to a change in post-synaptic potential.

A stable assembly of two or more macromolecules, i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids, in which at least one component is a protein and the constituent parts function together.

A region of a chromosome at which a DNA double-strand break has occurred. DNA damage signaling and repair proteins accumulate at the lesion to respond to the damage and repair the DNA to form a continuous DNA helix.

A region of a chromosome at which a DNA double-strand break has occurred. DNA damage signaling and repair proteins accumulate at the lesion to respond to the damage and repair the DNA to form a continuous DNA helix.

A region of a chromosome at which a DNA double-strand break has occurred. DNA damage signaling and repair proteins accumulate at the lesion to respond to the damage and repair the DNA to form a continuous DNA helix.

A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle that arises from the ingestion of particulate material by phagocytosis.

The part of a synapse that is part of the post-synaptic cell.

A synapse that uses glutamate as a neurotransmitter.

The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the Golgi apparatus.

The area of a motile cell closest to the direction of movement.

A vesicle found in the cytoplasm of a cell.

A cell projection that forms at the site of macropinocytosis, a form of endocytosis that results in the uptake of relatively large amounts of extracellular fluid. The macropinocytic cup membrane selectively excludes certain proteins, such as H36 or PM4C4 in Dictyostelium, and the underlying cytoskeleton is enriched in F-actin and coronin.

The part of a synapse that is part of the post-synaptic cell.

The part of a synapse that is part of the post-synaptic cell.

A synapse that uses glutamate as a neurotransmitter.

A synapse that uses glutamate as a neurotransmitter.

A synapse that uses glutamate as a neurotransmitter.