The chemical reactions and pathways involving sucrose, the disaccharide fructofuranosyl-glucopyranoside.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving inositol, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, a growth factor for animals and microorganisms.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving succinate, also known as butanedioate or ethane dicarboxylate, the dianion of succinic acid. Succinate is an important intermediate in metabolism and a component of the TCA cycle.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of succinate from glutamate. Also known as GABA (gamma-aminobutyrate) shunt since it channels glutamate into the TCA cycle bypassing two steps of that cycle. There are three enzymes involved in the GABA shunt: glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), GABA aminotransferase (GABA-TA), and succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH). These three enzymes acting in concert to convert glutamate into succinate. The GABA shunt is predominantly associated with neurotransmission in the mammalian brain. It is also present in nonneuronal cells, in plants, in unicellular eukaryotes, and in prokaryotes.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of salt (particularly but not exclusively sodium and chloride ions) in the environment.

Growth of pollen via tip extension of the intine wall.

The process in which the pollen tube adheres to cells of the stigma and style.

The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the adaxial / abaxial axis. Adaxial refers to being situated toward an axis of an anatomical structure. Abaxial refers to being situated away from an axis of an anatomical structure.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic substance stimulus.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the fruit over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The fruit is a reproductive body of a seed plant.

The process in which the growth of pollen tube is directed towards the female gametophyte.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of beta-alanine (3-aminopropanoic acid), an achiral amino acid and an isomer of alanine. It occurs free (e.g. in brain) and in combination (e.g. in pantothenate) but it is not a constituent of proteins.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cadmium (Cd) ion stimulus.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the root over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The root is the water- and mineral-absorbing part of a plant which is usually underground, does not bear leaves, tends to grow downwards and is typically derived from the radicle of the embryo.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the leaf over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the shoot system over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration.

The lipid bilayer surrounding the vacuole and separating its contents from the cytoplasm of the cell.

A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions.