Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of peptidoglycans, any of a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls.

Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat.

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a Gram-positive bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism.

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of peptidoglycans, any of a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls.

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the Tl signaling pathway.

The series of events in which a stimulus from a bacterium is received and converted into a molecular signal.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-gamma production. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell differentiation as part of an immune response.

The increase in size or mass of an organism, occurring within the cells or tissues of the host organism. This may (but not necessarily) include a filamentous growth form, and also can include secretion of proteases and lipases to break down host tissue. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response.

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a Gram-positive bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism.

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a Gram-positive bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of peptidoglycans, any of a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA or circRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA or circRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA or circRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA or circRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.

The series of events in which a stimulus from a bacterium is received and converted into a molecular signal.

Any process in an organism that results in the killing of cells of another organism, including in some cases the death of the other organism. Killing here refers to the induction of death in one cell by another cell, not cell-autonomous death due to internal or other environmental conditions.

Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the cytolysis by an organism of cells in another organism.

An immune response against microbes mediated by anti-microbial peptides in body fluid.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing (NOD) pathway.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular signal transduction.

An immune response against microbes mediated through a body fluid. Examples of this process are seen in the antimicrobial humoral response of Drosophila melanogaster and Mus musculus.

Any process in an organism that results in the killing of cells of another organism, including in some cases the death of the other organism. Killing here refers to the induction of death in one cell by another cell, not cell-autonomous death due to internal or other environmental conditions.

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a Gram-positive bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the cytolysis by an organism of cells in another organism.

An immune response against microbes mediated by anti-microbial peptides in body fluid.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of biosynthesis of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-positive bacteria.

The control of viability and duration in the adult phase of the life-cycle.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a bacterium.

The series of events in which a stimulus from a bacterium is received and converted into a molecular signal.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptidoglycan stimulus. Peptidoglycan is a bacterial cell wall macromolecule.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the organism's first line of defense against infection.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the Tl signaling pathway.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis.

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a Gram-positive bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism.

A series of molecular signals initiated by binding of peptidoglycan to a receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process. The main outcome of the Imd signaling is the production of antimicrobial peptides.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving peptidoglycans, any of a class of glycoconjugates found only in bacterial cell walls and consisting of strands of glycosaminoglycan cross-linked by oligopeptides to form a huge and rigid network.

The posttranslational conversion of C-terminal glycine-extended peptides to C-terminal alpha-amidated peptides. Occurs to over half of all peptide hormones to give bioactive peptides. This is a two step process catalyzed by a peptidyl-glycine alpha-hydroxylating monooxygenase and a peptidyl-alpha-hydroxyglycine alpha-amidating lyase. In some organisms, this process is catalyzed by two separate enzymes, whereas in higher organisms, one polypeptide catalyzes both reactions.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of production of a cytokine.

Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat.

The series of events in which a peptidoglycan stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Peptidoglycan is a bacterial cell wall macromolecule.

The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as proteases, lipases, and inflammatory mediators by a neutrophil.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sleep; a readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity that occurs periodically in many animals.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response, the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents.

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a Gram-negative bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the peptidoglycan recognition protein signaling pathway.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the peptidoglycan recognition protein signaling pathway.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the peptidoglycan recognition protein signaling pathway.

The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.

The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.

The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.

That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid.

The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.

A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it.

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

A stable assembly of two or more macromolecules, i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids, in which at least one component is a protein and the constituent parts function together.

A stable assembly of two or more macromolecules, i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids, in which at least one component is a protein and the constituent parts function together.

A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm.

The volume enclosed by the membrane of a specific granule, a granule with a membranous, tubular internal structure, found primarily in mature neutrophil cells. Most are released into the extracellular fluid. Specific granules contain lactoferrin, lysozyme, vitamin B12 binding protein and elastase.

The volume enclosed by the membrane of a phagocytic vesicle.

Any membrane-enclosed lumen that is part of a tertiary granule.