Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a bacterium.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-beta stimulus. Interferon-beta is a type I interferon.

Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack.

The formation of a double membrane-bounded structure, the autophagosome, that occurs when a specialized membrane sac, called the isolation membrane, starts to enclose a portion of the cytoplasm.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein.

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation. Peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation is the phosphorylation of peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine.

Any process that decreases the stability of a protein, making it more vulnerable to degradative processes or aggregation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine.

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly.

Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens.

Any process involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of a protein and preventing it from degradation or aggregation.

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a Gram-negative bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the series of molecular events generated as a consequence of interferon-gamma binding to a cell surface receptor.

Any process that affects the structure and integrity of a protein complex by altering the likelihood of its assembly or disassembly.

The protein lipidation process by which phosphatidylethanolamine is conjugated to a protein of the ATG8 family, leading to membrane insertion of the protein as a step in autophagosome assembly.

A series of molecular signals in which calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activity enabled by a CAMKK directly activates an AMPK. The cascade begins with calmodulin binding calcium which in turn binds CAMKK enabling its calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activity. The cascade ends with AMP-activated protein kinase activity.

Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2).

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipopolysaccharide stimulus; lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein serine/threonine kinase activity.

Any process in which a symbiont organism increases the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy in the host cell. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of autophagosome maturation.

Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon.

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a protozoan that act to protect the cell or organism.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm.

A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a cytokine to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-alpha stimulus. Interferon-alpha is a type I interferon.

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a Gram-negative bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the series of molecular events generated as a consequence of interferon-gamma binding to a cell surface receptor.

Any process in which a symbiont organism increases the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy in the host cell. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.

The formation of a double membrane-bounded structure, the autophagosome, that occurs when a specialized membrane sac, called the isolation membrane, starts to enclose a portion of the cytoplasm.

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus. Interferon gamma is the only member of the type II interferon found so far.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of autophagosome maturation.

The formation of a double membrane-bounded structure, the autophagosome, that occurs when a specialized membrane sac, called the isolation membrane, starts to enclose a portion of the cytoplasm.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein.

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation. Peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation is the phosphorylation of peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine.

Any process that decreases the stability of a protein, making it more vulnerable to degradative processes or aggregation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly.

Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens.

Any process involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of a protein and preventing it from degradation or aggregation.

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a Gram-negative bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism.

Any process that affects the structure and integrity of a protein complex by altering the likelihood of its assembly or disassembly.

The protein lipidation process by which phosphatidylethanolamine is conjugated to a protein of the ATG8 family, leading to membrane insertion of the protein as a step in autophagosome assembly.

A series of molecular signals in which calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activity enabled by a CAMKK directly activates an AMPK. The cascade begins with calmodulin binding calcium which in turn binds CAMKK enabling its calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activity. The cascade ends with AMP-activated protein kinase activity.

Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2).

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipopolysaccharide stimulus; lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein serine/threonine kinase activity.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of autophagosome maturation.

The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached).

The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the Golgi apparatus.

A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration.

A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions.

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

The lipid bilayer surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum.

The lipid bilayer surrounding a symbiont-containing vacuole, derived from both the host and symbiont.

A small lytic vacuole that has cell cycle-independent morphology and is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases, most of which have their maximal activities in the pH range 5-6. The contained enzymes display latency if properly isolated. About 40 different lysosomal hydrolases are known and lysosomes have a great variety of morphologies and functions.

A prelysosomal endocytic organelle differentiated from early endosomes by lower lumenal pH and different protein composition. Late endosomes are more spherical than early endosomes and are mostly juxtanuclear, being concentrated near the microtubule organizing center.

A double-membrane-bounded compartment that engulfs endogenous cellular material as well as invading microorganisms to target them to the lytic vacuole/lysosome for degradation as part of macroautophagy.

A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions.

A type of secondary lysosome in which a primary lysosome has fused with the outer membrane of an autophagosome. It is involved in the second step of autophagy in which it degrades contents with acidic lysosomal hydrolases.

A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle that arises from the ingestion of particulate material by phagocytosis.

The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the Golgi apparatus.

A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration.

Membrane-bounded vacuole within a host cell in which a symbiont organism resides. The vacuole membrane is derived from both the host and symbiont.