Reactions triggered in response to the presence of oomycetes that act to protect the cell or organism.

The nitrogen metabolic process that encompasses the uptake of nitrate from the environment and reduction to ammonia, and results in the incorporation of nitrogen derived from nitrate into cellular substances.

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating redox state. Redox state refers to the balance of oxidized versus reduced forms of electron donors and acceptors in an organelle, cell or organ; plastoquinone, glutathione (GSH/GSSG), and nicotinamide nucleotides (NAD+/NADH and NADP+/NADPH) are among the most important.

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

Any small, fluid-filled, spherical organelle enclosed by membrane.

The lipid bilayer surrounding the vacuole and separating its contents from the cytoplasm of the cell.

A small organelle enclosed by a single membrane, and found in most eukaryotic cells. Contains peroxidases and other enzymes involved in a variety of metabolic processes including free radical detoxification, lipid catabolism and biosynthesis, and hydrogen peroxide metabolism.

A chlorophyll-containing plastid with thylakoids organized into grana and frets, or stroma thylakoids, and embedded in a stroma.

Any member of a family of organelles found in the cytoplasm of plants and some protists, which are membrane-bounded and contain DNA. Plant plastids develop from a common type, the proplastid.

The space enclosed by the double membrane of a chloroplast but excluding the thylakoid space. It contains DNA, ribosomes and some temporary products of photosynthesis.