The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin receptor binding to insulin.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macroautophagy.

The directed movement of transferrin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

A process in which an ion is transported across a membrane.

Any process that reduces the pH of the phagosome, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.

The directed movement of a proton across a membrane.

The directed movement of a proton across a membrane.

Formation of terminal branches in the open tracheal system. These are long cytoplasmic extensions that form fine tubules that transport oxygen directly to the tissues. An example of the process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.

Formation of terminal branches in the open tracheal system. These are long cytoplasmic extensions that form fine tubules that transport oxygen directly to the tissues. An example of the process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.

The regrowth of fin tissue following its loss or destruction.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the caudal fin over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The clearance of liquid from the epithelial tubes of an open tracheal system, shortly before the emergence of the larva, to generate an air-filled tubule system.

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, apical regions of the cell.

The assembly and arrangement of a vacuole within a cell of the notochord.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates.

The directed movement of a proton across a membrane.

A vacuole to which materials ingested by endocytosis are delivered.

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

The region of the plasma membrane located at the apical end of the cell.

The lipid bilayer surrounding the lysosome and separating its contents from the cell cytoplasm.

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

A large protein complex that catalyzes the synthesis or hydrolysis of ATP by a rotational mechanism, coupled to the transport of protons across a membrane. The complex comprises a membrane sector (F0, V0, or A0) that carries out proton transport and a cytoplasmic compartment sector (F1, V1, or A1) that catalyzes ATP synthesis or hydrolysis. Two major types have been characterized: V-type ATPases couple ATP hydrolysis to the transport of protons across a concentration gradient, whereas F-type ATPases, also known as ATP synthases, normally run in the reverse direction to utilize energy from a proton concentration or electrochemical gradient to synthesize ATP. A third type, A-type ATPases have been found in archaea, and are closely related to eukaryotic V-type ATPases but are reversible.

A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm.

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

The region of the plasma membrane located at the apical end of the cell.

A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration.

A vacuole to which materials ingested by endocytosis are delivered.

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

Thin cylindrical membrane-covered projections on the surface of an animal cell containing a core bundle of actin filaments. Present in especially large numbers on the absorptive surface of intestinal cells.

The V1 domain of a proton-transporting V-type ATPase found in the vacuolar membrane.

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

A proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex found in the plasma membrane.

A structure in the head of a spermatozoon that contains acid hydrolases, and is concerned with the breakdown of the outer membrane of the ovum during fertilization. It lies just beneath the plasma membrane and is derived from the lysosome.

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle formed by invagination of the plasma membrane around an extracellular substance. Endocytic vesicles fuse with early endosomes to deliver the cargo for further sorting.

The lipid bilayer surrounding the contractile vacuole.

A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle that arises from the ingestion of particulate material by phagocytosis.