The regulated release of neurotransmitter from the presynapse into the synaptic cleft via calcium-regulated exocytosis during synaptic transmission.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a catecholamine.

Fusion of intracellular membrane-bounded vesicles with the pre-synaptic membrane of the neuronal cell resulting in release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.

A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bounded vesicles; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the vesicle membrane. The process begins with a step that directs a substance to the forming vesicle, and includes vesicle budding and coating. Vesicles are then targeted to, and fuse with, an acceptor membrane.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter from a cell.

A process that modulates synaptic plasticity, the ability of synapses to change as circumstances require. They may alter function, such as increasing or decreasing their sensitivity, or they may increase or decrease in actual numbers.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite extension.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phagosome maturation.

The resealing of a cell plasma membrane after cellular wounding due to, for instance, mechanical stress.

The resealing of a cell plasma membrane after cellular wounding due to, for instance, mechanical stress.

The regulated release of neurotransmitter from the presynapse into the synaptic cleft via calcium-regulated exocytosis during synaptic transmission.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Brain development begins with patterning events in the neural tube and ends with the mature structure that is the center of thought and emotion. The brain is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.).

The activities involved in the mental information processing system that receives (registers), modifies, stores, and retrieves informational stimuli. The main stages involved in the formation and retrieval of memory are encoding (processing of received information by acquisition), storage (building a permanent record of received information as a result of consolidation) and retrieval (calling back the stored information and use it in a suitable way to execute a given task).

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to the organism.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of glutamate.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of dopamine.

The release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle by fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane of a cell, induced by a rise in cytosolic calcium-ion levels.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a catecholamine.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter.

A process that decreases short-term neuronal synaptic plasticity, the ability of neuronal synapses to change in the short-term as circumstances require. Short-term neuronal synaptic plasticity generally involves increasing or decreasing synaptic sensitivity.

The directed movement of synaptic vesicles.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis.

The formation of a protein homotetramer, a macromolecular structure consisting of four noncovalently associated identical subunits.

The formation of a protein homotetramer, a macromolecular structure consisting of four noncovalently associated identical subunits.

Fusion of the membrane of a transport vesicle with a target membrane on another vesicle.

Fusion of the membrane of a transport vesicle with a target membrane on another vesicle.

Steps required to transform an immature secretory vesicle into a mature secretory vesicle. Typically proceeds through homotypic membrane fusion and membrane remodelling.

Steps required to transform an immature secretory vesicle into a mature secretory vesicle. Typically proceeds through homotypic membrane fusion and membrane remodelling.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of presynaptic dense core granule exocytosis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of presynaptic dense core granule exocytosis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of presynaptic dense core granule exocytosis.

Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse, via the vesicular release and reception of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), that modulates the synaptic transmission properties of the synapse.

Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse, via the vesicular release and reception of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), that modulates the synaptic transmission properties of the synapse.

Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse, via the vesicular release and reception of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), that modulates the synaptic transmission properties of the synapse.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-6 secretion.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-6 secretion.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of clathrin-mediated endocytosis.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of clathrin-mediated endocytosis.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle endocytosis.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle endocytosis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of defense response to bacterium.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite extension.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor secretion.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor secretion.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of membrane invagination.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of membrane invagination.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phagosome maturation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to phagocytic vesicle.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to phagocytic vesicle.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dense core granule exocytosis.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dense core granule exocytosis.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dense core granule exocytosis.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of clathrin-coated pit assembly.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of clathrin-coated pit assembly.

The process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules contained within a lysosome by fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane of a cell, induced by a rise in cytosolic calcium-ion levels.

The process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules contained within a lysosome by fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane of a cell, induced by a rise in cytosolic calcium-ion levels.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle exocytosis.

Any small, fluid-filled, spherical organelle enclosed by membrane.

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

A secretory organelle, typically 50 nm in diameter, of presynaptic nerve terminals; accumulates in high concentrations of neurotransmitters and secretes these into the synaptic cleft by fusion with the 'active zone' of the presynaptic plasma membrane.

A prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite.

The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.

The region of the plasma membrane located at the apical end of the cell.

The component of the Golgi membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.

The component of the synaptic vesicle membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.

The junction between the axon of a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. In response to the arrival of action potentials, the presynaptic button releases molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane of the muscle fiber, leading to a change in post-synaptic potential.

The lipid bilayer surrounding a dense core granule.

Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane.

A specialized area of membrane facing the presynaptic membrane on the tip of the nerve ending and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft). Neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane.

A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions.

A secretory organelle, typically 50 nm in diameter, of presynaptic nerve terminals; accumulates in high concentrations of neurotransmitters and secretes these into the synaptic cleft by fusion with the 'active zone' of the presynaptic plasma membrane.

The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.

The long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminals and varicosities, which are sites of storage and release of neurotransmitter.

Electron-dense organelle with a granular internal matrix; contains proteins destined to be secreted.

A prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite.

The portion of a neuron that includes the nucleus, but excludes cell projections such as axons and dendrites.

Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus.

A prolongation or process extending from the soma of an astrocyte and wrapping around neurons.

An invagination of the cell membrane formed by an actin dependent process during phagocytosis. Following internalization it is converted into a phagosome.

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

A small lytic vacuole that has cell cycle-independent morphology and is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases, most of which have their maximal activities in the pH range 5-6. The contained enzymes display latency if properly isolated. About 40 different lysosomal hydrolases are known and lysosomes have a great variety of morphologies and functions.

A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions.

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.

A secretory organelle, typically 50 nm in diameter, of presynaptic nerve terminals; accumulates in high concentrations of neurotransmitters and secretes these into the synaptic cleft by fusion with the 'active zone' of the presynaptic plasma membrane.

A secretory organelle, typically 50 nm in diameter, of presynaptic nerve terminals; accumulates in high concentrations of neurotransmitters and secretes these into the synaptic cleft by fusion with the 'active zone' of the presynaptic plasma membrane.

A secretory organelle, typically 50 nm in diameter, of presynaptic nerve terminals; accumulates in high concentrations of neurotransmitters and secretes these into the synaptic cleft by fusion with the 'active zone' of the presynaptic plasma membrane.

An electron dense network of proteins within and adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane of an asymmetric, neuron-neuron synapse. Its major components include neurotransmitter receptors and the proteins that spatially and functionally organize them such as anchoring and scaffolding molecules, signaling enzymes and cytoskeletal components.

An electron dense network of proteins within and adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane of an asymmetric, neuron-neuron synapse. Its major components include neurotransmitter receptors and the proteins that spatially and functionally organize them such as anchoring and scaffolding molecules, signaling enzymes and cytoskeletal components.

An electron dense network of proteins within and adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane of an asymmetric, neuron-neuron synapse. Its major components include neurotransmitter receptors and the proteins that spatially and functionally organize them such as anchoring and scaffolding molecules, signaling enzymes and cytoskeletal components.

The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.

The component of the synaptic vesicle membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.

The component of the synaptic vesicle membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.

The long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminals and varicosities, which are sites of storage and release of neurotransmitter.

The long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminals and varicosities, which are sites of storage and release of neurotransmitter.

A neuron projection that has a short, tapering, morphology. Dendrites receive and integrate signals from other neurons or from sensory stimuli, and conduct nerve impulses towards the axon or the cell body. In most neurons, the impulse is conveyed from dendrites to axon via the cell body, but in some types of unipolar neuron, the impulse does not travel via the cell body.

The lipid bilayer surrounding a secretory granule.

The lipid bilayer surrounding a secretory granule.

Electron-dense organelle with a granular internal matrix; contains proteins destined to be secreted.

Any small, fluid-filled, spherical organelle enclosed by membrane.

A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle as initially formed upon the ingestion of particulate material by phagocytosis.

A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle as initially formed upon the ingestion of particulate material by phagocytosis.

The region of a neuron that includes the cell body (cell soma) and dendrite(s), but excludes the axon.

The portion of a neuron that includes the nucleus, but excludes cell projections such as axons and dendrites.

Terminal inflated portion of the axon, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters. The axon terminus is considered to be the whole region of thickening and the terminal bouton is a specialized region of it.

Terminal inflated portion of the axon, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters. The axon terminus is considered to be the whole region of thickening and the terminal bouton is a specialized region of it.

A small, membranous protrusion from a dendrite that forms a postsynaptic compartment - typically receiving input from a single presynapse. They function as partially isolated biochemical and an electrical compartments. Spine morphology is variable including \thin\, \stubby\, \mushroom\, and \branched\, with a continuum of intermediate morphologies. They typically terminate in a bulb shape, linked to the dendritic shaft by a restriction. Spine remodeling is though to be involved in synaptic plasticity.

A small, membranous protrusion from a dendrite that forms a postsynaptic compartment - typically receiving input from a single presynapse. They function as partially isolated biochemical and an electrical compartments. Spine morphology is variable including \thin\, \stubby\, \mushroom\, and \branched\, with a continuum of intermediate morphologies. They typically terminate in a bulb shape, linked to the dendritic shaft by a restriction. Spine remodeling is though to be involved in synaptic plasticity.

A small, membranous protrusion from a dendrite that forms a postsynaptic compartment - typically receiving input from a single presynapse. They function as partially isolated biochemical and an electrical compartments. Spine morphology is variable including \thin\, \stubby\, \mushroom\, and \branched\, with a continuum of intermediate morphologies. They typically terminate in a bulb shape, linked to the dendritic shaft by a restriction. Spine remodeling is though to be involved in synaptic plasticity.

Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane.

The portion of a cell bearing surface projections such as axons, dendrites, cilia, or flagella that includes the nucleus, but excludes all cell projections.

The portion of a cell bearing surface projections such as axons, dendrites, cilia, or flagella that includes the nucleus, but excludes all cell projections.

The specialized, terminal region of a neuron projection such as an axon or a dendrite.

The specialized, terminal region of a neuron projection such as an axon or a dendrite.

A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle that arises from the ingestion of particulate material by phagocytosis.

A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle that arises from the ingestion of particulate material by phagocytosis.

Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus.

The membrane portion of the presynaptic active zone; it is the site where docking and fusion of synaptic vesicles occurs for the release of neurotransmitters.

The membrane portion of the presynaptic active zone; it is the site where docking and fusion of synaptic vesicles occurs for the release of neurotransmitters.

The membrane portion of the presynaptic active zone; it is the site where docking and fusion of synaptic vesicles occurs for the release of neurotransmitters.

An organelle consisting of a network of tubules that functions in targeting molecules, such as receptors transporters and lipids, to the plasma membrane.

A synapse in which an action potential in the presynaptic cell increases the probability of an action potential occurring in the postsynaptic cell.

A synapse in which an action potential in the presynaptic cell increases the probability of an action potential occurring in the postsynaptic cell.

A synapse in which an action potential in the presynaptic cell increases the probability of an action potential occurring in the postsynaptic cell.

A synapse in which an action potential in the presynaptic cell reduces the probability of an action potential occurring in the postsynaptic cell.

A synapse in which an action potential in the presynaptic cell reduces the probability of an action potential occurring in the postsynaptic cell.

A synapse in which an action potential in the presynaptic cell reduces the probability of an action potential occurring in the postsynaptic cell.

A transport vesicle that mediates transport from an intracellular compartment to the plasma membrane, and fuses with the plasma membrane to release various cargo molecules, such as proteins or hormones, by exocytosis.

A transport vesicle that mediates transport from an intracellular compartment to the plasma membrane, and fuses with the plasma membrane to release various cargo molecules, such as proteins or hormones, by exocytosis.

A prolongation or process extending from the soma of an astrocyte and wrapping around neurons.

A synapse between the Schaffer collateral axon of a CA3 pyramidal cell and a CA1 pyramidal cell.

A synapse between the Schaffer collateral axon of a CA3 pyramidal cell and a CA1 pyramidal cell.

The part of a synapse that is part of the presynaptic cell.

The part of a synapse that is part of the presynaptic cell.

The part of a synapse that is part of the presynaptic cell.

The part of a synapse that is part of the presynaptic cell.

The part of a synapse that is part of the post-synaptic cell.

The part of a synapse that is part of the post-synaptic cell.

The part of a synapse that is part of the post-synaptic cell.

A synapse that uses glutamate as a neurotransmitter.

A synapse that uses glutamate as a neurotransmitter.

A synapse that uses glutamate as a neurotransmitter.

The component of the presynaptic active zone membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.

The component of the presynaptic active zone membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.

The component of the neuronal dense core vesicle membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.

An extracellular vesicle released from the plasma membrane and ranging in size from about 100 nm to 1000 nm.