Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of B cell proliferation.

The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of B cells such that the total number of B cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of germinal center formation.

The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of B cell proliferation.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of B cell proliferation.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of B cell proliferation.

The process of providing, via surface-bound receptor-ligand pairs, a second, antigen-independent, signal in addition to that provided by the T cell receptor to augment T cell activation.

The process of providing, via surface-bound receptor-ligand pairs, a second, antigen-independent, signal in addition to that provided by the B cell receptor to augment B cell activation.

A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a tumor necrosis factor to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of T cell proliferation.

The regulated release of immunoglobulins from a B cell or plasma cell, whose mechanism includes the use of alternate polyadenylylation signals to favor the biosynthesis of secreted forms of immunoglobulin over membrane-bound immunoglobulin.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus.

The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.

Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus.

Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus.