The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA or circRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA or circRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipopolysaccharide stimulus; lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-6 secretion.

Tolerance induction of natural killer cells.

The movement of a monocyte in response to an external stimulus.

The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA or circRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA or circRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA or circRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA or circRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of serotonin.

The directed movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell, any of the cells making up an epithelium.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of chemokine production.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-gamma production. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tumor necrosis factor production.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-4 production.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-4 production.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cells as part of an immune response.

An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a p38 MAPK, a MAPKK and a MAP3K. The cascade can also contain an additional tier: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinases in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell proliferation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of mast cell degranulation.

The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as proteases, lipases, and inflammatory mediators by a neutrophil.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases angiogenesis.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of natural killer mediated cytotoxicity.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of activated T cell proliferation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of viral entry into the host cell.

The movement of an eosinophil in response to an external stimulus.

The movement of a macrophage in response to an external stimulus.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of interleukin-1 beta from a cell.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a T cell.

The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of a chemical.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB.

A reproductive process occurring in the mother that allows an embryo or fetus to develop within it.

Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of T cell death by apoptotic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activated T cell autonomous cell death.

An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least ERK1 or ERK2 (MAPKs), a MEK (a MAPKK) and a MAP3K. The cascade may involve 4 different kinases, as it can also contain an additional tier: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinase in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-1 stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus. Interferon gamma is the only member of the type II interferon found so far.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of monocyte chemotactic protein-1.

The movement of a mononuclear cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of mononuclear cell migration. Mononuclear cell migration is the movement of a mononuclear cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein homodimerization, interacting selectively with an identical protein to form a homodimer.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into a cell or organelle.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of NIK/NF-kappaB signaling.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of interferon-gamma secretion.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein tyrosine phosphatase activity.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation in bone marrow.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor secretion.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-8 secretion.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell chemotaxis.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of immunological synapse formation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-13 secretion.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell apoptotic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-10 secretion.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-12 secretion.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation via T cell receptor contact with antigen bound to MHC molecule on antigen presenting cell.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation via T cell receptor contact with antigen bound to MHC molecule on antigen presenting cell.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathway.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton).

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of production of a cytokine.

The movement of a monocyte in response to an external stimulus.

The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to a nonidentical adhesion molecule in an adjacent cell.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA or circRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA or circRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation. Pathway-restricted SMAD proteins and common-partner SMAD proteins are involved in the transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathways.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of serotonin.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix.

The directed movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-gamma production. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of chemokine production.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 production.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tumor necrosis factor production.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell activation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell differentiation.

Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to toll-like receptor 3.

Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to toll-like receptor 3.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell proliferation.

Any process that stimulates, induces or increases the rate of macrophage activation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of natural killer cell degranulation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the organism's first line of defense against infection.

Any process in which a protein is maintained in a location and prevented from moving elsewhere. These include sequestration, stabilization to prevent transport elsewhere and the active retrieval of proteins that do move away.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of regulatory T cells.

Any process that activates or increases angiogenesis.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis.

The movement of an eosinophil in response to an external stimulus.

The movement of a macrophage in response to an external stimulus.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a T cell.

The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of a chemical.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oxidoreductase activity, the catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered.

Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of T cell death by apoptotic process.

The movement of a mononuclear cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of mononuclear cell migration. Mononuclear cell migration is the movement of a mononuclear cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein homodimerization, interacting selectively with an identical protein to form a homodimer.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into a cell or organelle.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of defense response to bacterium.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of interferon-gamma secretion.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation in bone marrow.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell migration.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of immunological synapse formation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription regulatory region DNA binding.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-10 secretion.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation via T cell receptor contact with antigen bound to MHC molecule on antigen presenting cell.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

An extracellular matrix consisting mainly of proteins (especially collagen) and glycosaminoglycans (mostly as proteoglycans) that provides not only essential physical scaffolding for the cellular constituents but can also initiate crucial biochemical and biomechanical cues required for tissue morphogenesis, differentiation and homeostasis. The components are secreted by cells in the vicinity and form a sheet underlying or overlying cells such as endothelial and epithelial cells.

That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid.

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

An area of close contact between a lymphocyte (T-, B-, or natural killer cell) and a target cell formed through the clustering of particular signaling and adhesion molecules and their associated membrane rafts on both the lymphocyte and the target cell and facilitating activation of the lymphocyte, transfer of membrane from the target cell to the lymphocyte, and in some situations killing of the target cell through release of secretory granules and/or death-pathway ligand-receptor interaction.

That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid.

The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane.

The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.

The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.

The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope. It is highly folded to form cristae.

The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane.

A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it.

The lipid bilayer surrounding a secretory granule.

A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm.

The lipid bilayer surrounding a ficolin-1-rich granule.

An area of close contact between a lymphocyte (T-, B-, or natural killer cell) and a target cell formed through the clustering of particular signaling and adhesion molecules and their associated membrane rafts on both the lymphocyte and the target cell and facilitating activation of the lymphocyte, transfer of membrane from the target cell to the lymphocyte, and in some situations killing of the target cell through release of secretory granules and/or death-pathway ligand-receptor interaction.

That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid.

A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope. It is highly folded to form cristae.

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

The leaflet of the plasma membrane that faces away from the cytoplasm and any proteins embedded or anchored in it or attached to its surface.

The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane.

A structure lying external to one or more cells, which provides structural support, biochemical or biomechanical cues for cells or tissues.

A prolongation or process extending from a glial cell.