The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II.

The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions at the level of a cell.

The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving cobalamin (vitamin B12), a water-soluble vitamin characterized by possession of a corrin nucleus containing a cobalt atom.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure. See embryonic development.

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the exocrine pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The exocrine pancreas produces and store zymogens of digestive enzymes, such as chymotrypsinogen and trypsinogen in the acinar cells.

The increase in size or mass of an entire multicellular organism, as opposed to cell growth.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation, the process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features.

Any process that activates or increases angiogenesis.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

The reorganization or renovation of existing tissues. This process can either change the characteristics of a tissue such as in blood vessel remodeling, or result in the dynamic equilibrium of a tissue such as in bone remodeling.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the digestive system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The digestive system is the entire structure in which digestion takes place. Digestion is all of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of elastin. Elastin is a glycoprotein which is randomly coiled and crosslinked to form elastic fibers that are found in connective tissue.

Morphogenesis of the pancreas. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized.

A type of programmed cell death that occurs in the epidermis, morphologically and biochemically distinct from apoptosis. It leads to the formation of corneocytes, i.e. dead keratinocytes containing an amalgam of specific proteins (e.g., keratin, loricrin, SPR and involucrin) and lipids (e.g., fatty acids and ceramides), which are necessary for the function of the cornified skin layer (mechanical resistance, elasticity, water repellence and structural stability).

The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.

An extracellular matrix consisting mainly of proteins (especially collagen) and glycosaminoglycans (mostly as proteoglycans) that provides not only essential physical scaffolding for the cellular constituents but can also initiate crucial biochemical and biomechanical cues required for tissue morphogenesis, differentiation and homeostasis. The components are secreted by cells in the vicinity and form a sheet underlying or overlying cells such as endothelial and epithelial cells.

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

A cytoplasmic, non-membrane bound granule of, at least, keratinocyte. Associated to keratin intermediate filaments and partially crosslinked to the cell envelope.

A cytoplasmic, non-membrane bound granule of, at least, keratinocyte. Associated to keratin intermediate filaments and partially crosslinked to the cell envelope.