Cleavage of stem-loop RNA precursors into microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small RNAs that primarily silence genes by blocking the translation of mRNA transcripts into protein, or by increasing the degradation of non-protein-coding RNA transcripts.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

Any process involved in the conversion of a pre-microRNA transcript into a mature microRNA molecule.

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors leads to an increase in intracellular calcium and activation of protein kinase C (PKC).

The process in which a secondary structure of RNA are broken or 'melted'.

The process in which a secondary structure of RNA are broken or 'melted'.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA or circRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA or circRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA or circRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA or circRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.

Any process of posttranscriptional gene inactivation (silencing) mediated by small RNA molecules that may trigger RNA (often mRNA) degradation or negatively regulate mRNA translation.

The process in which microRNAs (miRNAs) block the translation of target mRNAs into proteins. Once incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), a miRNA will typically mediate repression of translation if the miRNA imperfectly base-pairs with the 3' untranslated regions of target mRNAs

The transfer of a microRNA (miRNA) strand from a miRNA:miRNA duplex onto the RNA-initiated silencing complex (RISC).

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of megakaryocyte differentiation.

The process in which microRNAs (miRNAs) block the translation of target mRNAs into proteins. Once incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), a miRNA will typically mediate repression of translation if the miRNA imperfectly base-pairs with the 3' untranslated regions of target mRNAs

The process in which a secondary structure of RNA are broken or 'melted'.

Any process involved in the conversion of a pre-microRNA transcript into a mature microRNA molecule.

Cleavage of stem-loop RNA precursors into microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small RNAs that primarily silence genes by blocking the translation of mRNA transcripts into protein, or by increasing the degradation of non-protein-coding RNA transcripts.

The process in which microRNAs (miRNAs) block the translation of target mRNAs into proteins. Once incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), a miRNA will typically mediate repression of translation if the miRNA imperfectly base-pairs with the 3' untranslated regions of target mRNAs

The transfer of a microRNA (miRNA) strand from a miRNA:miRNA duplex onto the RNA-initiated silencing complex (RISC).

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA or circRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA or circRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the downregulation of gene expression through the action of microRNAs (miRNAs), endogenous 21-24 nucleotide small RNAs processed from stem-loop RNA precursors (pre-miRNAs). Once incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), miRNAs can downregulate gene expression by either of two posttranscriptional mechanisms: RNA (often mRNA) cleavage or mRNA translational repression.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving miRNA, microRNA, a class of single-stranded RNA molecules of about 21-23 nucleotides in length, which regulates gene expression.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of NIK/NF-kappaB signaling.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nuclear-transcribed mRNAs in eukaryotic cells.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nuclear-transcribed mRNAs in eukaryotic cells.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nuclear-transcribed mRNAs in eukaryotic cells.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mRNA, messenger RNA, which is responsible for carrying the coded genetic 'message', transcribed from DNA, to sites of protein assembly at the ribosomes.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell proliferation. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.

The process in which microRNAs (miRNAs) direct the cleavage of target mRNAs. Once incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), a miRNA base pairing with near-perfect complementarity to the target mRNA will typically direct targeted endonucleolytic cleavage of the mRNA. Many plant miRNAs downregulate gene expression through this mechanism.

Downregulation of gene expression through the action of microRNAs (miRNAs), endogenous 21-24 nucleotide small RNAs processed from stem-loop RNA precursors (pre-miRNAs). Once incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), miRNAs can downregulate gene expression by either of two posttranscriptional mechanisms: endolytic cleavage of the RNA (often mRNA) or mRNA translational repression, usually accompanied by poly-A tail shortening and subsequent degradation of the mRNA.

The process in which microRNAs (miRNAs) direct the cleavage of target mRNAs. Once incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), a miRNA base pairing with near-perfect complementarity to the target mRNA will typically direct targeted endonucleolytic cleavage of the mRNA. Many plant miRNAs downregulate gene expression through this mechanism.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mRNA, messenger RNA, which is responsible for carrying the coded genetic 'message', transcribed from DNA, to sites of protein assembly at the ribosomes.

Repression of transcription by altering the structure of chromatin, e.g. by conversion of large regions of DNA into an inaccessible state often called heterochromatin.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mRNA, messenger RNA, which is responsible for carrying the coded genetic 'message', transcribed from DNA, to sites of protein assembly at the ribosomes.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mRNA, messenger RNA, which is responsible for carrying the coded genetic 'message', transcribed from DNA, to sites of protein assembly at the ribosomes.

The cell fate determination process in which a germarium-derived cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an oocyte cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.

Division of the 14 parasegments of the embryo into anterior and posterior compartments; exemplified by the actions of the segment polarity gene products.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse. This process ends when the synapse is mature (functional).

The process in which double-stranded RNAs silence cognate genes. Involves posttranscriptional gene inactivation ('silencing') both of transgenes or dsRNA introduced into a germline, and of the host gene(s) homologous to the transgenes or dsRNA. This silencing is triggered by the introduction of transgenes or double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), and can occur through a specific decrease in the level of mRNA, or by negative regulation of translation, of both host genes and transgenes.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA.

Cleavage of double-stranded RNA to form small interfering RNA molecules (siRNAs) of 21-23 nucleotides, in the context of RNA interference.

The process in which small interfering RNAs target cognate mRNA molecules for degradation.

Formation, in a germarium, of a group of interconnected cells derived from a single female gonial founder cell (a cystoblast). The germarium is the most anterior portion of an insect ovariole. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.

The process by which an organism or tissue maintains a population of female germ-line stem cells.

A decrease in a behavioral response to a repeated stimulus. This is exemplified by the failure of a person to show a startle response to a loud noise that has been repeatedly presented.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of olfactory learning. Olfactory learning is any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs in response to (repeated) exposure to an olfactory cue.

Any process in which RNA molecules inactivate expression of target genes.

Any process involved in the conversion of a pre-microRNA transcript into a mature microRNA molecule.

The process in which microRNAs (miRNAs) direct the cleavage of target mRNAs. Once incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), a miRNA base pairing with near-perfect complementarity to the target mRNA will typically direct targeted endonucleolytic cleavage of the mRNA. Many plant miRNAs downregulate gene expression through this mechanism.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of poly(A) tail shortening of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA. Poly(A) tail shortening is the decrease in length of the poly(A) tail of an mRNA from full length to an oligo(A) length.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-dependent decay.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nematode larva over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Nematode larval development begins with the newly hatched first-stage larva (L1) and ends with the end of the last larval stage (for example the fourth larval stage (L4) in C. elegans). Each stage of nematode larval development is characterized by proliferation of specific cell lineages and an increase in body size without alteration of the basic body plan. Nematode larval stages are separated by molts in which each stage-specific exoskeleton, or cuticle, is shed and replaced anew.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo over time, from zygote formation until the end of the embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic life stage is organism-specific and may be somewhat arbitrary; for mammals it is usually considered to be birth, for insects the hatching of the first instar larva from the eggshell.

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a virus that act to protect the cell or organism.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving miRNA, microRNA, a class of single-stranded RNA molecules of about 21-23 nucleotides in length, which regulates gene expression.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mRNA, messenger RNA, which is responsible for carrying the coded genetic 'message', transcribed from DNA, to sites of protein assembly at the ribosomes.

The cellular metabolic process in which a protein is formed, using the sequence of a mature mRNA or circRNA molecule to specify the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Translation is mediated by the ribosome, and begins with the formation of a ternary complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2, which subsequently associates with the small subunit of the ribosome and an mRNA or circRNA. Translation ends with the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome.

A cell cycle process by which the cell nucleus divides as part of a meiotic cell cycle in the male germline.

Specific posttranscriptional gene inactivation ('silencing') both of viral gene(s), and host gene(s) homologous to the viral genes. This silencing is triggered by viral infection, and occurs through a specific decrease in the level of mRNA of both host and viral genes.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an auxin stimulus.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving auxins, a group of plant hormones that regulate aspects of plant growth.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of meristem organization.

The regionalization process in which differences in cell differentiation along the adaxial/abaxial are generated. Adaxial refers to being situated toward an axis of an anatomical structure. Abaxial refers to being situated away from an axis of an anatomical structure.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the leaf are generated and organized.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of far red light stimulus. Far red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 700-800nm. An example of this response is seen at the beginning of many plant species developmental stages. These include germination, and the point when cotyledon expansion is triggered. In certain species these processes take place in response to absorption of red light by the pigment molecule phytochrome, but the signal can be reversed by exposure to far red light. During the initial phase the phytochrome molecule is only present in the red light absorbing form, but on absorption of red light it changes to a far red light absorbing form, triggering progress through development. An immediate short period of exposure to far red light entirely returns the pigment to its initial state and prevents triggering of the developmental process. A thirty minute break between red and subsequent far red light exposure renders the red light effect irreversible, and development then occurs regardless of whether far red light exposure subsequently occurs.

Vascular tissue pattern formation as it occurs in the leaf of vascular plants.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving miRNA, microRNA, a class of single-stranded RNA molecules of about 21-23 nucleotides in length, which regulates gene expression.

The regionalization process within a leaf by which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along a proximal/distal axis.

The inactivation of gene expression by a posttranscriptional mechanism.

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state.

Cleavage of double-stranded RNA to form small interfering RNA molecules (siRNAs) of 21-23 nucleotides, in the context of RNA interference.

Any process involved in the conversion of a pre-microRNA transcript into a mature microRNA molecule.

Any process by which an organism retains a population of somatic stem cells, undifferentiated cells in the embryo or adult which can undergo unlimited division and give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line.

The transfer of small interfering RNA molecules (siRNAs) from the Dicer family of enzymes that cleave the double-stranded RNA, onto the nuclease-containing RNA-initiated silencing complex (RISC), in the context of RNA interference.

The transfer of small interfering RNA molecules (siRNAs) from the Dicer family of enzymes that cleave the double-stranded RNA, onto the nuclease-containing RNA-initiated silencing complex (RISC), in the context of RNA interference.

Downregulation of gene expression through the action of microRNAs (miRNAs), endogenous 21-24 nucleotide small RNAs processed from stem-loop RNA precursors (pre-miRNAs). Once incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), miRNAs can downregulate gene expression by either of two posttranscriptional mechanisms: endolytic cleavage of the RNA (often mRNA) or mRNA translational repression, usually accompanied by poly-A tail shortening and subsequent degradation of the mRNA.

Cleavage of stem-loop RNA precursors into microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small RNAs that primarily silence genes by blocking the translation of mRNA transcripts into protein, or by increasing the degradation of non-protein-coding RNA transcripts.

The process in which microRNAs (miRNAs) block the translation of target mRNAs into proteins. Once incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), a miRNA will typically mediate repression of translation if the miRNA imperfectly base-pairs with the 3' untranslated regions of target mRNAs

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the egg-laying organ of female and hermaphrodite nematodes over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In nematodes, the vulva is formed from ventral epidermal cells during larval stages to give rise to a fully formed vulva in the adult.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hermaphrodite genitalia over time, from formation to the mature structures.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of amyloid-beta.

The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of an erythrocyte with a nucleus, as found in non-mammalian vertebrates such as birds.

The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of an erythrocyte with a nucleus, as found in non-mammalian vertebrates such as birds.

Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens.

Any process that activates or increases angiogenesis.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of adventitious root over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Adventitious roots are post-embryonic roots that develop from the plant shoot.

The posttranscriptional gene silencing of viral genes after viral infection.

The process in which a single-stranded small RNA associates with the RNA-initiated silencing complex (RISC); occurs as part of a process of gene silencing by small RNA.

The process in which small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) direct the cleavage of target mRNAs. Once incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), a siRNA will typically direct cleavage by base pairing with perfect or near-perfect complementarity to the target mRNA.

The process in which small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) direct the cleavage of target mRNAs. Once incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), a siRNA will typically direct cleavage by base pairing with perfect or near-perfect complementarity to the target mRNA.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of trophoblast cell migration.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of shoot apical meristem development.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of miRNA mediated inhibition of translation.

The cell cycle process in which the synaptonemal complex is formed. This is a structure that holds paired chromosomes together during prophase I of meiosis and that promotes genetic recombination.

A cell cycle process by which the cell nucleus divides as part of a meiotic cell cycle in the female germline.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo sac over time, from its formation as the megaspore to the mature structure. The process begins when three of the four haploid megaspores disintegrate, and the fourth undergoes mitosis giving rise to a binucleate syncytial embryo sac. The two haploid nuclei migrate to the opposite poles of the embryo sac and then undergo two rounds of mitosis generating four haploid nuclei at each pole. One nucleus from each set of four migrates to the center of the cell. Cellularization occurs, resulting in an eight-nucleate seven-celled structure. This structure contains two synergid cells and an egg cell at the micropylar end, and three antipodal cells at the other end. A binucleate endosperm mother cell is formed at the center.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure. See embryonic development.

A response of a plant to a pathogenic agent that prevents the occurrence or spread of disease.

The process in which double-stranded RNAs silence cognate genes. Involves posttranscriptional gene inactivation ('silencing') both of transgenes or dsRNA introduced into a germline, and of the host gene(s) homologous to the transgenes or dsRNA. This silencing is triggered by the introduction of transgenes or double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), and can occur through a specific decrease in the level of mRNA, or by negative regulation of translation, of both host genes and transgenes.

The process by which an organism or tissue maintains a population of stem cells of a single type. This can be achieved by a number of mechanisms: stem cell asymmetric division maintains stem cell numbers; stem cell symmetric division increases them; maintenance of a stem cell niche maintains the conditions for commitment to the stem cell fate for some types of stem cell; stem cells may arise de novo from other cell types.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis. Cell morphogenesis is the developmental process in which the shape of a cell is generated and organized.

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state.

Any process in which RNA molecules inactivate expression of target genes.

The modification of histone H3 by the removal of a methyl group from lysine at position 9 of the histone.

The transfer of small interfering RNA molecules (siRNAs) from the Dicer family of enzymes that cleave the double-stranded RNA, onto the nuclease-containing RNA-initiated silencing complex (RISC), in the context of RNA interference.

The process in which microRNAs (miRNAs) direct the cleavage of target mRNAs. Once incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), a miRNA base pairing with near-perfect complementarity to the target mRNA will typically direct targeted endonucleolytic cleavage of the mRNA. Many plant miRNAs downregulate gene expression through this mechanism.

Any process that modulates the consistent predetermined time point at which an integrated living unit or organism progresses from an initial condition to a later condition and the rate at which this time point is reached.

Any process that mediates the adoption of a specific fate by a cell.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of amyloid-beta.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of amyloid-beta.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.

Any process that activates or increases angiogenesis.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the leaf over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pollen grain over time, from its formation as the microspore to the mature structure.

The posttranscriptional gene silencing of viral genes after viral infection.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of poly(A) tail shortening of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA. Poly(A) tail shortening is the decrease in length of the poly(A) tail of an mRNA from full length to an oligo(A) length.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell proliferation. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.

The process in which small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) direct the cleavage of target mRNAs. Once incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), a siRNA will typically direct cleavage by base pairing with perfect or near-perfect complementarity to the target mRNA.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-dependent decay.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of trophoblast cell migration.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of miRNA mediated inhibition of translation.

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains members of the Argonaute family of proteins, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) or microRNAs (miRNAs), and miRNA or siRNA-complementary mRNAs, in addition to a number of accessory factors. The RISC complex is involved in posttranscriptional repression of gene expression through downregulation of translation or induction of mRNA degradation.

A trimeric protein complex required for the formation of a mature RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). In humans the complex is composed of the endonuclease Dicer (DICER1), TRBP (TARBP2) and the Argonaute protein Ago2 (EIF2C2/AGO2). Within the complex, Dicer and TRBP are required to process precursor miRNAs (pre-miRNAs) to mature miRNAs and then load them onto Ago2. Ago2 bound to the mature miRNA constitutes the minimal RISC and may subsequently dissociate from Dicer and TRBP. This complex has endoribonuclease activity.

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.

A macromolecular complex containing both protein and RNA molecules.

A focus in the cytoplasm where mRNAs may become inactivated by decapping or some other mechanism. Protein and RNA localized to these foci are involved in mRNA degradation, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), translational repression, and RNA-mediated gene silencing.

A multiribosomal structure representing a linear array of ribosomes held together by messenger RNA. They represent the active complexes in cellular protein synthesis and are able to incorporate amino acids into polypeptides both in vivo and in vitro.

A macromolecular complex containing both protein and RNA molecules.

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains members of the Argonaute family of proteins, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) or microRNAs (miRNAs), and miRNA or siRNA-complementary mRNAs, in addition to a number of accessory factors. The RISC complex is involved in posttranscriptional repression of gene expression through downregulation of translation or induction of mRNA degradation.

A trimeric protein complex required for the formation of a mature RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). In humans the complex is composed of the endonuclease Dicer (DICER1), TRBP (TARBP2) and the Argonaute protein Ago2 (EIF2C2/AGO2). Within the complex, Dicer and TRBP are required to process precursor miRNAs (pre-miRNAs) to mature miRNAs and then load them onto Ago2. Ago2 bound to the mature miRNA constitutes the minimal RISC and may subsequently dissociate from Dicer and TRBP. This complex has endoribonuclease activity.

A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.

That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus.

A multiribosomal structure representing a linear array of ribosomes held together by messenger RNA. They represent the active complexes in cellular protein synthesis and are able to incorporate amino acids into polypeptides both in vivo and in vitro.

A multiribosomal structure representing a linear array of ribosomes held together by messenger RNA. They represent the active complexes in cellular protein synthesis and are able to incorporate amino acids into polypeptides both in vivo and in vitro.

A macromolecular complex containing both protein and RNA molecules.

That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus.

A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it.

A ribonucleoprotein granule located in the cytoplasm.

Extra-nucleolar nuclear domains usually visualized by confocal microscopy and fluorescent antibodies to specific proteins.

Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus.

Any protein complex that binds to an mRNA cap at any time in the lifetime of the mRNA.

A trimeric protein complex required for the formation of a mature RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). In humans the complex is composed of the endonuclease Dicer (DICER1), TRBP (TARBP2) and the Argonaute protein Ago2 (EIF2C2/AGO2). Within the complex, Dicer and TRBP are required to process precursor miRNAs (pre-miRNAs) to mature miRNAs and then load them onto Ago2. Ago2 bound to the mature miRNA constitutes the minimal RISC and may subsequently dissociate from Dicer and TRBP. This complex has endoribonuclease activity.

That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus.

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

Any protein complex that binds to an mRNA cap at any time in the lifetime of the mRNA.

A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains members of the Argonaute family of proteins, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) or microRNAs (miRNAs), and miRNA or siRNA-complementary mRNAs, in addition to a number of accessory factors. The RISC complex is involved in posttranscriptional repression of gene expression through downregulation of translation or induction of mRNA degradation.

A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains members of the Argonaute family of proteins, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) or microRNAs (miRNAs), and miRNA or siRNA-complementary mRNAs, in addition to a number of accessory factors. The RISC complex is involved in posttranscriptional repression of gene expression through downregulation of translation or induction of mRNA degradation.

A cellular component that forms a specialized region of connection between two or more cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix. At a cell junction, anchoring proteins extend through the plasma membrane to link cytoskeletal proteins in one cell to cytoskeletal proteins in neighboring cells or to proteins in the extracellular matrix.

A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm.

A highly compacted molecule of DNA and associated proteins resulting in a cytologically distinct nuclear chromosome.

A focus in the cytoplasm where mRNAs may become inactivated by decapping or some other mechanism. Protein and RNA localized to these foci are involved in mRNA degradation, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), translational repression, and RNA-mediated gene silencing.

A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.

A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome.

A region of a chromosome where nucleoli form during interphase, and where genes encoding the largest rRNA precursor transcript are tandemly arrayed.

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration.

A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration.

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

Any protein complex that binds to an mRNA cap at any time in the lifetime of the mRNA.

Extra-nucleolar nuclear domains usually visualized by confocal microscopy and fluorescent antibodies to specific proteins.

A cellular component that forms a specialized region of connection between two or more cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix. At a cell junction, anchoring proteins extend through the plasma membrane to link cytoskeletal proteins in one cell to cytoskeletal proteins in neighboring cells or to proteins in the extracellular matrix.

A neuron projection that has a short, tapering, morphology. Dendrites receive and integrate signals from other neurons or from sensory stimuli, and conduct nerve impulses towards the axon or the cell body. In most neurons, the impulse is conveyed from dendrites to axon via the cell body, but in some types of unipolar neuron, the impulse does not travel via the cell body.

A ribonucleoprotein granule located in the cytoplasm.

A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm.