The name of this superfamily has been modified since the most recent official CATH+ release (v4_3_0). At the point of the last release, this superfamily was: waiting to be named.

Functional Families

Overview of the Structural Clusters (SC) and Functional Families within this CATH Superfamily. Clusters with a representative structure are represented by a filled circle.
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FunFam 28: Spectrin beta chain

Please note: GO annotations are assigned to the full protein sequence rather than individual protein domains. Since a given protein can contain multiple domains, it is possible that some of the annotations below come from additional domains that occur in the same protein, but have been classified elsewhere in CATH.

There are 22 GO terms relating to "molecular function"

The search results have been sorted with the annotations that are found most frequently at the top of the list. The results can be filtered by typing text into the search box at the top of the table.
GO Term Annotations Evidence
Protein binding GO:0005515
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules).
7 P11277 (/IPI) Q01082 (/IPI) Q01082 (/IPI) Q01082 (/IPI) Q01082 (/IPI) Q62261 (/IPI) Q9QWN8 (/IPI)
Actin binding GO:0003779
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with monomeric or multimeric forms of actin, including actin filaments.
6 O15020 (/TAS) P11277 (/TAS) Q01082 (/TAS) Q01082 (/TAS) Q01082 (/TAS) Q01082 (/TAS)
Structural constituent of cytoskeleton GO:0005200
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a cytoskeletal structure.
6 O15020 (/TAS) Q01082 (/TAS) Q01082 (/TAS) Q01082 (/TAS) Q01082 (/TAS) Q9QWN8 (/TAS)
Ankyrin binding GO:0030506
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ankyrin, a 200 kDa cytoskeletal protein that attaches other cytoskeletal proteins to integral membrane proteins.
5 P11277 (/IPI) Q01082 (/IPI) Q01082 (/IPI) Q01082 (/IPI) Q01082 (/IPI)
Cadherin binding GO:0045296
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with cadherin, a type I membrane protein involved in cell adhesion.
5 O15020 (/HDA) Q01082 (/HDA) Q01082 (/HDA) Q01082 (/HDA) Q01082 (/HDA)
RNA binding GO:0003723
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof.
4 Q01082 (/HDA) Q01082 (/HDA) Q01082 (/HDA) Q01082 (/HDA)
Structural constituent of cytoskeleton GO:0005200
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a cytoskeletal structure.
4 Q01082 (/IMP) Q01082 (/IMP) Q01082 (/IMP) Q01082 (/IMP)
Ankyrin binding GO:0030506
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ankyrin, a 200 kDa cytoskeletal protein that attaches other cytoskeletal proteins to integral membrane proteins.
4 Q01082 (/NAS) Q01082 (/NAS) Q01082 (/NAS) Q01082 (/NAS)
Protein-containing complex binding GO:0044877
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a macromolecular complex.
4 A0A0G2JZY6 (/IPI) A0A0G2K8W9 (/IPI) G3V6S0 (/IPI) Q6XD99 (/IPI)
GTPase binding GO:0051020
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a GTPase, any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP.
4 Q01082 (/IPI) Q01082 (/IPI) Q01082 (/IPI) Q01082 (/IPI)
Ankyrin binding GO:0030506
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ankyrin, a 200 kDa cytoskeletal protein that attaches other cytoskeletal proteins to integral membrane proteins.
2 P15508 (/ISO) Q62261 (/ISO)
Actin filament binding GO:0051015
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an actin filament, also known as F-actin, a helical filamentous polymer of globular G-actin subunits.
2 P11277 (/IDA) P15508 (/IDA)
Actin binding GO:0003779
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with monomeric or multimeric forms of actin, including actin filaments.
1 P15508 (/IDA)
Actin binding GO:0003779
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with monomeric or multimeric forms of actin, including actin filaments.
1 Q00963 (/ISS)
Structural constituent of cytoskeleton GO:0005200
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a cytoskeletal structure.
1 Q62261 (/ISO)
Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate binding GO:0005546
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 4' and 5' positions.
1 Q00963 (/IDA)
Microtubule binding GO:0008017
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with microtubules, filaments composed of tubulin monomers.
1 Q00963 (/IDA)
Ankyrin binding GO:0030506
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ankyrin, a 200 kDa cytoskeletal protein that attaches other cytoskeletal proteins to integral membrane proteins.
1 Q00963 (/IDA)
Protein-containing complex binding GO:0044877
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a macromolecular complex.
1 Q62261 (/ISO)
Protein heterodimerization activity GO:0046982
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nonidentical protein to form a heterodimer.
1 P15508 (/IPI)
Actin filament binding GO:0051015
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an actin filament, also known as F-actin, a helical filamentous polymer of globular G-actin subunits.
1 P15508 (/ISO)
GTPase binding GO:0051020
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a GTPase, any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP.
1 Q62261 (/ISO)

There are 48 GO terms relating to "biological process"

The search results have been sorted with the annotations that are found most frequently at the top of the list. The results can be filtered by typing text into the search box at the top of the table.
GO Term Annotations Evidence
MAPK cascade GO:0000165
An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a MAPK, a MAPKK and a MAP3K. The cascade can also contain an additional tiers: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinase in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.
6 O15020 (/TAS) P11277 (/TAS) Q01082 (/TAS) Q01082 (/TAS) Q01082 (/TAS) Q01082 (/TAS)
Endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport GO:0006888
The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi.
6 O15020 (/TAS) P11277 (/TAS) Q01082 (/TAS) Q01082 (/TAS) Q01082 (/TAS) Q01082 (/TAS)
Axon guidance GO:0007411
The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of an axon growth cone to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.
6 O15020 (/TAS) P11277 (/TAS) Q01082 (/TAS) Q01082 (/TAS) Q01082 (/TAS) Q01082 (/TAS)
Plasma membrane organization GO:0007009
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the plasma membrane.
5 P15508 (/IMP) Q01082 (/IMP) Q01082 (/IMP) Q01082 (/IMP) Q01082 (/IMP)
Protein localization to plasma membrane GO:0072659
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in the plasma membrane.
5 Q01082 (/IMP) Q01082 (/IMP) Q01082 (/IMP) Q01082 (/IMP) Q62261 (/IMP)
Mitotic cytokinesis GO:0000281
A cell cycle process that results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after mitosis, resulting in the separation of the original cell into two daughter cells.
4 Q01082 (/IMP) Q01082 (/IMP) Q01082 (/IMP) Q01082 (/IMP)
Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport GO:0043001
The directed movement of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles that move from the trans-Golgi network to the plasma membrane.
4 Q01082 (/IMP) Q01082 (/IMP) Q01082 (/IMP) Q01082 (/IMP)
Membrane assembly GO:0071709
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a membrane.
4 Q01082 (/IMP) Q01082 (/IMP) Q01082 (/IMP) Q01082 (/IMP)
Positive regulation of interleukin-2 secretion GO:1900042
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-2 secretion.
4 Q01082 (/IMP) Q01082 (/IMP) Q01082 (/IMP) Q01082 (/IMP)
Regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane GO:1903076
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane.
4 Q01082 (/IGI) Q01082 (/IGI) Q01082 (/IGI) Q01082 (/IGI)
Positive regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane GO:1903078
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane.
4 Q01082 (/IMP) Q01082 (/IMP) Q01082 (/IMP) Q01082 (/IMP)
Nematode larval development GO:0002119
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nematode larva over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Nematode larval development begins with the newly hatched first-stage larva (L1) and ends with the end of the last larval stage (for example the fourth larval stage (L4) in C. elegans). Each stage of nematode larval development is characterized by proliferation of specific cell lineages and an increase in body size without alteration of the basic body plan. Nematode larval stages are separated by molts in which each stage-specific exoskeleton, or cuticle, is shed and replaced anew.
3 E0AHA7 (/IMP) G5EG85 (/IMP) Q9U9J8 (/IMP)
Embryonic body morphogenesis GO:0010172
The process in which the anatomical structures of the embryonic soma are generated and organized.
3 E0AHA7 (/IGI) G5EG85 (/IGI) Q9U9J8 (/IGI)
Dendrite development GO:0016358
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendrite over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
3 E0AHA7 (/IMP) G5EG85 (/IMP) Q9U9J8 (/IMP)
Regulation of locomotion GO:0040012
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism.
3 E0AHA7 (/IMP) G5EG85 (/IMP) Q9U9J8 (/IMP)
Muscle cell cellular homeostasis GO:0046716
The cellular homeostatic process that preserves a muscle cell in a stable functional or structural state.
3 E0AHA7 (/IMP) G5EG85 (/IMP) Q9U9J8 (/IMP)
Neuron development GO:0048666
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
3 E0AHA7 (/IMP) G5EG85 (/IMP) Q9U9J8 (/IMP)
Mitotic cytokinesis GO:0000281
A cell cycle process that results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after mitosis, resulting in the separation of the original cell into two daughter cells.
1 Q62261 (/ISO)
Porphyrin-containing compound biosynthetic process GO:0006779
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any member of a large group of derivatives or analogs of porphyrin. Porphyrin consists of a ring of four pyrrole nuclei linked each to the next at their alpha positions through a methine group.
1 P15508 (/IMP)
Plasma membrane organization GO:0007009
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the plasma membrane.
1 Q62261 (/ISO)
Plasma membrane organization GO:0007009
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the plasma membrane.
1 Q00963 (/TAS)
Negative regulation of microtubule depolymerization GO:0007026
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization; prevention of depolymerization of a microtubule can result from binding by 'capping' at the plus end (e.g. by interaction with another cellular protein of structure) or by exposing microtubules to a stabilizing drug such as taxol.
1 Q00963 (/IMP)
Common-partner SMAD protein phosphorylation GO:0007182
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a common-partner SMAD protein. A common partner SMAD protein binds to pathway-restricted SMAD proteins forming a complex that translocates to the nucleus.
1 Q62261 (/IDA)
Neuromuscular synaptic transmission GO:0007274
The process of synaptic transmission from a neuron to a muscle, across a synapse.
1 Q00963 (/IMP)
Nervous system development GO:0007399
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state.
1 Q00963 (/IMP)
Axonogenesis GO:0007409
De novo generation of a long process of a neuron, including the terminal branched region. Refers to the morphogenesis or creation of shape or form of the developing axon, which carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells.
1 Q00963 (/IMP)
Axon guidance GO:0007411
The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of an axon growth cone to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.
1 Q00963 (/IMP)
Synaptic vesicle exocytosis GO:0016079
Fusion of intracellular membrane-bounded vesicles with the pre-synaptic membrane of the neuronal cell resulting in release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.
1 Q9QWN8 (/IPI)
Synaptic vesicle docking GO:0016081
The initial (indirect) attachment of a synaptic vesicle membrane to the presynaptic active zone membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane and proteins of the presynaptic active zone cytoplasmic component. Synaptic vesicle tethering is the first step in this process.
1 Q9QWN8 (/TAS)
Vesicle-mediated transport GO:0016192
A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bounded vesicles; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the vesicle membrane. The process begins with a step that directs a substance to the forming vesicle, and includes vesicle budding and coating. Vesicles are then targeted to, and fuse with, an acceptor membrane.
1 O15020 (/IDA)
Axon midline choice point recognition GO:0016199
The recognition of molecules at the central nervous system midline choice point by an axon growth cone; this choice point determines whether the growth cone will cross the midline.
1 Q00963 (/IMP)
Regulation of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis GO:0017158
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis.
1 Q9QWN8 (/TAS)
Antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class II GO:0019886
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein.
1 O15020 (/TAS)
Hemopoiesis GO:0030097
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myeloid and lymphoid derived organ/tissue systems of the blood and other parts of the body over time, from formation to the mature structure. The site of hemopoiesis is variable during development, but occurs primarily in bone marrow or kidney in many adult vertebrates.
1 P15508 (/IMP)
Embryonic hemopoiesis GO:0035162
The stages of blood cell formation that take place within the embryo.
1 Q9DGM6 (/IMP)
Long-term strengthening of neuromuscular junction GO:0042062
Any process that results in an increase in the efficacy of transmission at a neuromuscular synapse.
1 Q00963 (/IMP)
Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport GO:0043001
The directed movement of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles that move from the trans-Golgi network to the plasma membrane.
1 Q62261 (/ISO)
Maintenance of presynaptic active zone structure GO:0048790
A process which maintains the organization and the arrangement of proteins at the active zone to ensure the fusion and docking of vesicles and the release of neurotransmitters.
1 Q00963 (/IDA)
Erythrocyte development GO:0048821
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an erythrocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
1 Q9DGM6 (/IMP)
Regulation of synapse organization GO:0050807
Any process that modulates the physical form of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell).
1 Q00963 (/IMP)
Regulation of SMAD protein signal transduction GO:0060390
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of SMAD protein signal transduction. Pathway-restricted SMAD proteins and common-partner SMAD proteins are involved in the transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathways.
1 Q62261 (/IDA)
Cellular response to ethanol GO:0071361
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ethanol stimulus.
1 Q9QWN8 (/IEP)
Membrane assembly GO:0071709
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a membrane.
1 Q62261 (/ISO)
Photoreceptor cell axon guidance GO:0072499
The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of a photoreceptor cell axon growth cone to its target in the optic lobe in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.
1 Q00963 (/IMP)
Protein localization to plasma membrane GO:0072659
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in the plasma membrane.
1 Q62261 (/ISO)
Positive regulation of interleukin-2 secretion GO:1900042
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-2 secretion.
1 Q62261 (/ISO)
Regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane GO:1903076
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane.
1 Q62261 (/ISO)
Positive regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane GO:1903078
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane.
1 Q62261 (/ISO)

There are 51 GO terms relating to "cellular component"

The search results have been sorted with the annotations that are found most frequently at the top of the list. The results can be filtered by typing text into the search box at the top of the table.
GO Term Annotations Evidence
Cytoplasm GO:0005737
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.
7 E0AHA7 (/IDA) G5EG85 (/IDA) Q01082 (/IDA) Q01082 (/IDA) Q01082 (/IDA) Q01082 (/IDA) Q9U9J8 (/IDA)
Cytosol GO:0005829
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.
7 O15020 (/TAS) P11277 (/TAS) Q01082 (/TAS) Q01082 (/TAS) Q01082 (/TAS) Q01082 (/TAS) Q9QWN8 (/TAS)
Spectrin GO:0008091
Membrane associated dimeric protein (240 and 220 kDa) of erythrocytes. Forms a complex with ankyrin, actin and probably other components of the membrane cytoskeleton, so that there is a mesh of proteins underlying the plasma membrane, potentially restricting the lateral mobility of integral proteins.
7 O15020 (/TAS) P11277 (/TAS) Q01082 (/TAS) Q01082 (/TAS) Q01082 (/TAS) Q01082 (/TAS) Q9QWN8 (/TAS)
Plasma membrane GO:0005886
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.
5 F6W8M4 (/IDA) P15508 (/IDA) Q00963 (/IDA) Q62261 (/IDA) Q9QWN8 (/IDA)
Protein-containing complex GO:0032991
A stable assembly of two or more macromolecules, i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids, in which at least one component is a protein and the constituent parts function together.
5 A0A0G2JZY6 (/IDA) A0A0G2K8W9 (/IDA) G3V6S0 (/IDA) P11277 (/IDA) Q6XD99 (/IDA)
Nucleolus GO:0005730
A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome.
4 Q01082 (/IDA) Q01082 (/IDA) Q01082 (/IDA) Q01082 (/IDA)
Spectrin-associated cytoskeleton GO:0014731
The part of the cytoskeleton composed of spectrin, protein 4.1 and ankyrin. Spectrin-associated cytoskeleton is associated with the plasma membrane.
4 Q01082 (/NAS) Q01082 (/NAS) Q01082 (/NAS) Q01082 (/NAS)
Lateral plasma membrane GO:0016328
The portion of the plasma membrane at the lateral side of the cell. In epithelial cells, lateral plasma membranes are on the sides of cells which lie at the interface of adjacent cells.
4 E0AHA7 (/IDA) G5EG85 (/IDA) Q00963 (/IDA) Q9U9J8 (/IDA)
Cell junction GO:0030054
A cellular component that forms a specialized region of connection between two or more cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix. At a cell junction, anchoring proteins extend through the plasma membrane to link cytoskeletal proteins in one cell to cytoskeletal proteins in neighboring cells or to proteins in the extracellular matrix.
4 E0AHA7 (/IDA) G5EG85 (/IDA) O15020 (/IDA) Q9U9J8 (/IDA)
Axolemma GO:0030673
The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding an axon; it is a specialized trilaminar random mosaic of protein molecules floating within a fluid matrix of highly mobile phospholipid molecules, 7-8 nm in thickness.
4 Q01082 (/ISS) Q01082 (/ISS) Q01082 (/ISS) Q01082 (/ISS)
M band GO:0031430
The midline of aligned thick filaments in a sarcomere; location of specific proteins that link thick filaments. Depending on muscle type the M band consists of different numbers of M lines.
4 E0AHA7 (/IDA) G5EG85 (/IDA) Q62261 (/IDA) Q9U9J8 (/IDA)
Extracellular exosome GO:0070062
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm.
4 Q01082 (/HDA) Q01082 (/HDA) Q01082 (/HDA) Q01082 (/HDA)
Postsynapse GO:0098794
The part of a synapse that is part of the post-synaptic cell.
4 A0A0G2JZY6 (/IDA) A0A0G2K8W9 (/IDA) G3V6S0 (/IDA) Q6XD99 (/IDA)
Glutamatergic synapse GO:0098978
A synapse that uses glutamate as a neurotransmitter.
4 A0A0G2JZY6 (/IDA) A0A0G2K8W9 (/IDA) G3V6S0 (/IDA) Q6XD99 (/IDA)
I band GO:0031674
A region of a sarcomere that appears as a light band on each side of the Z disc, comprising a region of the sarcomere where thin (actin) filaments are not overlapped by thick (myosin) filaments; contains actin, troponin, and tropomyosin; each sarcomere includes half of an I band at each end.
3 E0AHA7 (/IDA) G5EG85 (/IDA) Q9U9J8 (/IDA)
Cytosol GO:0005829
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.
2 O15020 (/IDA) P11277 (/IDA)
Membrane GO:0016020
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it.
2 P15508 (/IDA) Q62261 (/IDA)
Cortical cytoskeleton GO:0030863
The portion of the cytoskeleton that lies just beneath the plasma membrane.
2 P15508 (/IDA) Q62261 (/IDA)
Protein-containing complex GO:0032991
A stable assembly of two or more macromolecules, i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids, in which at least one component is a protein and the constituent parts function together.
2 P15508 (/ISO) Q62261 (/ISO)
Golgi membrane GO:0000139
The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the Golgi apparatus.
1 Q9QWN8 (/IDA)
Photoreceptor inner segment GO:0001917
The inner segment of a vertebrate photoreceptor containing mitochondria, ribosomes and membranes where opsin molecules are assembled and passed to be part of the outer segment discs.
1 F6W8M4 (/IDA)
Extracellular space GO:0005615
That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid.
1 O15020 (/HDA)
Nucleus GO:0005634
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.
1 Q62261 (/IDA)
Nucleolus GO:0005730
A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome.
1 Q62261 (/ISO)
Cytoplasm GO:0005737
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.
1 Q62261 (/ISO)
Cytoplasm GO:0005737
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.
1 Q9QWN8 (/TAS)
Endosome GO:0005768
A vacuole to which materials ingested by endocytosis are delivered.
1 Q9QWN8 (/IDA)
Golgi apparatus GO:0005794
A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions.
1 P11277 (/IDA)
Golgi apparatus GO:0005794
A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions.
1 P15508 (/ISO)
Cytosol GO:0005829
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.
1 P15508 (/ISO)
Synaptic vesicle GO:0008021
A secretory organelle, typically 50 nm in diameter, of presynaptic nerve terminals; accumulates in high concentrations of neurotransmitters and secretes these into the synaptic cleft by fusion with the 'active zone' of the presynaptic plasma membrane.
1 Q9QWN8 (/IDA)
Spectrin GO:0008091
Membrane associated dimeric protein (240 and 220 kDa) of erythrocytes. Forms a complex with ankyrin, actin and probably other components of the membrane cytoskeleton, so that there is a mesh of proteins underlying the plasma membrane, potentially restricting the lateral mobility of integral proteins.
1 O15020 (/IDA)
Cell surface GO:0009986
The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane.
1 P15508 (/ISO)
Postsynaptic density GO:0014069
An electron dense network of proteins within and adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane of an asymmetric, neuron-neuron synapse. Its major components include neurotransmitter receptors and the proteins that spatially and functionally organize them such as anchoring and scaffolding molecules, signaling enzymes and cytoskeletal components.
1 Q62261 (/IDA)
Spectrin-associated cytoskeleton GO:0014731
The part of the cytoskeleton composed of spectrin, protein 4.1 and ankyrin. Spectrin-associated cytoskeleton is associated with the plasma membrane.
1 P11277 (/IDA)
Spectrin-associated cytoskeleton GO:0014731
The part of the cytoskeleton composed of spectrin, protein 4.1 and ankyrin. Spectrin-associated cytoskeleton is associated with the plasma membrane.
1 P15508 (/IMP)
Spectrin-associated cytoskeleton GO:0014731
The part of the cytoskeleton composed of spectrin, protein 4.1 and ankyrin. Spectrin-associated cytoskeleton is associated with the plasma membrane.
1 P15508 (/ISO)
Actin cytoskeleton GO:0015629
The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of actin and associated proteins. Includes actin cytoskeleton-associated complexes.
1 P11277 (/TAS)
Apicolateral plasma membrane GO:0016327
The apical end of the lateral plasma membrane of epithelial cells.
1 Q00963 (/TAS)
Nuclear matrix GO:0016363
The dense fibrillar network lying on the inner side of the nuclear membrane.
1 Q9QWN8 (/TAS)
Axon GO:0030424
The long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminals and varicosities, which are sites of storage and release of neurotransmitter.
1 Q00963 (/IDA)
Axolemma GO:0030673
The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding an axon; it is a specialized trilaminar random mosaic of protein molecules floating within a fluid matrix of highly mobile phospholipid molecules, 7-8 nm in thickness.
1 Q62261 (/IDA)
Intrinsic component of the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane GO:0031235
The component of a plasma membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that have some covalently attached part (e.g. peptide sequence or GPI anchor) which is embedded in the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane only.
1 P11277 (/TAS)
Neuromuscular junction GO:0031594
The junction between the axon of a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. In response to the arrival of action potentials, the presynaptic button releases molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane of the muscle fiber, leading to a change in post-synaptic potential.
1 Q00963 (/IDA)
Cuticular plate GO:0032437
A dense network of actin filaments found beneath the apical cell surface of hair cells, and into which stereocilia are inserted.
1 Q62261 (/IDA)
Fusome GO:0045169
A large intracellular spectrin-rich structure that has been found in insect germline cells and mammalian hematopoietic cells. The fusome is an elongated, branched structure, formed from the spherical spectrosome organelle.
1 Q00963 (/IDA)
Spectrosome GO:0045170
A germline specific spherical organelle, rich in membrane skeletal proteins. Precursor to the fusome.
1 Q00963 (/IDA)
Perinuclear region of cytoplasm GO:0048471
Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus.
1 Q9QWN8 (/IDA)
Postsynapse GO:0098794
The part of a synapse that is part of the post-synaptic cell.
1 Q62261 (/ISO)
Actin cytoskeleton of dendritic spine GO:0098938
The actin cytoskeleton that is part of a dendritic spine.
1 Q6XD99 (/IDA)
Glutamatergic synapse GO:0098978
A synapse that uses glutamate as a neurotransmitter.
1 Q62261 (/ISO)