The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis.

The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another at least one of which is located in the forebrain.

A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug.

The controlled release of a substance by a cell.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor signaling pathway.

The morphogenetic process that results in flattening of a cell as a consequence of its adhesion to a substrate.

The type of sexual cycle seen in females, often with physiologic changes in the endometrium that recur at regular intervals during the reproductive years.

The recognition and removal of an apoptotic cell by a neighboring cell or by a phagocyte.

A series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B (also called AKT), which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response.

The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues (cis-autophosphorylation), or residues on an identical protein (trans-autophosphorylation).

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response.

The cellular homeostatic process that preserves a neuron in a stable, differentiated functional and structural state.

The adhesion of one platelet to one or more other platelets via adhesion molecules.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state.

The regrowth of a lost or destroyed animal organ.

The regrowth of lost or destroyed tissues.

The reorganization or renovation of existing tissues. This process can either change the characteristics of a tissue such as in blood vessel remodeling, or result in the dynamic equilibrium of a tissue such as in bone remodeling.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stimulus.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a natural killer cell.

The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein.

The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis.

A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug.

The controlled release of a substance by a cell.

The morphogenetic process that results in flattening of a cell as a consequence of its adhesion to a substrate.

The recognition and removal of an apoptotic cell by a neighboring cell or by a phagocyte.

A series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B (also called AKT), which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte activation.

The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vagina over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of production of a cytokine.

The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein.

A vesicle-mediated transport process that results in the engulfment of external particulate material by phagocytes and their delivery to the lysosome. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles.

A vesicle-mediated transport process that results in the engulfment of external particulate material by phagocytes and their delivery to the lysosome. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles.

A vesicle-mediated transport process that results in the engulfment of external particulate material by phagocytes and their delivery to the lysosome. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles.

The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another at least one of which is located in the forebrain.

The type of sexual cycle seen in females, often with physiologic changes in the endometrium that recur at regular intervals during the reproductive years.

The recognition and removal of an apoptotic cell by a neighboring cell or by a phagocyte.

A series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B (also called AKT), which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons.

The selective elimination of senescent neutrophils from the body by autoregulatory mechanisms.

The characteristic movement of an immature neuron from germinal zones to specific positions where they will reside as they mature.

The characteristic movement of an immature neuron from germinal zones to specific positions where they will reside as they mature.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a cytokine mediated signaling pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a cytokine mediated signaling pathway.

The reorganization or renovation of existing blood vessels.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nematode larva over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Nematode larval development begins with the newly hatched first-stage larva (L1) and ends with the end of the last larval stage (for example the fourth larval stage (L4) in C. elegans). Each stage of nematode larval development is characterized by proliferation of specific cell lineages and an increase in body size without alteration of the basic body plan. Nematode larval stages are separated by molts in which each stage-specific exoskeleton, or cuticle, is shed and replaced anew.

The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein.

A vesicle-mediated transport process that results in the engulfment of external particulate material by phagocytes and their delivery to the lysosome. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles.

The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages.

The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules.

The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell.

The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell.

A series of molecular signals initiated by activation of a receptor on the surface of a cell. The pathway begins with binding of an extracellular ligand to a cell surface receptor, or for receptors that signal in the absence of a ligand, by ligand-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell, where the receptor possesses catalytic activity or is closely associated with an enzyme such as a protein kinase, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor.

Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. This process includes signal transduction in the receiving cell and, where applicable, release of a ligand and any processes that actively facilitate its transport and presentation to the receiving cell. Examples include signaling via soluble ligands, via cell adhesion molecules and via gap junctions.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work.

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.

A series of reactions within the signal-receiving cell, mediated by the intracellular phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). Many cell surface receptor linked signaling pathways signal through PI3K to regulate numerous cellular functions.

The controlled self-propelled movement of a cell from one site to a destination guided by molecular cues. Cell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms.

The deposition of eggs (either fertilized or not) upon a surface or into a medium such as water.

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections.

Any process that affects the structure and integrity of a protein, altering the likelihood of its degradation or aggregation.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an extracellular stimulus.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-gamma production. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-gamma production. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tumor necrosis factor production.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell differentiation.

Any process of regulating the production and elimination of erythrocytes within an organism.

Any process of regulating the production and elimination of erythrocytes within an organism.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor signaling pathway.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-alpha stimulus. Interferon-alpha is a type I interferon.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-alpha stimulus. Interferon-alpha is a type I interferon.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response.

The cellular homeostatic process that preserves a muscle cell in a stable functional or structural state.

The process that occurs after viral attachment by which a virus, or viral nucleic acid, breaches the plasma membrane or cell envelope and enters the host cell. The process ends when the viral nucleic acid is released into the host cell cytoplasm.

The process that occurs after viral attachment by which a virus, or viral nucleic acid, breaches the plasma membrane or cell envelope and enters the host cell. The process ends when the viral nucleic acid is released into the host cell cytoplasm.

The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues (cis-autophosphorylation), or residues on an identical protein (trans-autophosphorylation).

The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues (cis-autophosphorylation), or residues on an identical protein (trans-autophosphorylation).

Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) located on the surface of the receiving cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a cell to attain its fully functional state.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the digestive tract are generated and organized. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed.

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of pinocytosis. Pinocytosis is the process in which cells take in liquid material from their external environment; literally 'cell drinking'. Liquid is enclosed in vesicles, formed by invagination of the plasma membrane. These vesicles then move into the cell and pass their contents to endosomes.

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of pinocytosis. Pinocytosis is the process in which cells take in liquid material from their external environment; literally 'cell drinking'. Liquid is enclosed in vesicles, formed by invagination of the plasma membrane. These vesicles then move into the cell and pass their contents to endosomes.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis.

The movement of a leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase B signaling, a series of reactions mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates.

The cellular homeostatic process that preserves a neuron in a stable, differentiated functional and structural state.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stimulus.

The adhesion of one platelet to one or more other platelets via adhesion molecules.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipopolysaccharide stimulus; lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipopolysaccharide stimulus; lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria.

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a dendritic cell. A dendritic cell is a leukocyte of dendritic lineage specialized in the uptake, processing, and transport of antigens to lymph nodes for the purpose of stimulating an immune response via T cell activation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte apoptotic process.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte apoptotic process.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell apoptotic process.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell apoptotic process.

A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.

The double lipid bilayer enclosing the nucleus and separating its contents from the rest of the cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space, a gap of width 20-40 nm (also called the perinuclear space).

The lipid bilayer surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum.

That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid.

That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid.

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.

The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane.

The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane.

The outer segment of a vertebrate photoreceptor that contains a stack of membrane discs embedded with photoreceptor proteins.

The outer segment of a vertebrate photoreceptor that contains a stack of membrane discs embedded with photoreceptor proteins.

A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.

A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.

The double lipid bilayer enclosing the nucleus and separating its contents from the rest of the cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space, a gap of width 20-40 nm (also called the perinuclear space).

The double lipid bilayer enclosing the nucleus and separating its contents from the rest of the cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space, a gap of width 20-40 nm (also called the perinuclear space).

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

The lipid bilayer surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum.

The lipid bilayer surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum.

The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.

The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane.

The specialized microvilli-containing organelle on the apical surfaces of a photoreceptor cell containing the visual pigment rhodopsin and most of the proteins involved in phototransduction.

The specialized microvilli-containing organelle on the apical surfaces of a photoreceptor cell containing the visual pigment rhodopsin and most of the proteins involved in phototransduction.

The external part of the host cell wall and/or host plasma membrane.

The external part of the host cell wall and/or host plasma membrane.

A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm.