CATH Classification

Domain Context

CATH Clusters

Superfamily 3.30.465.10
Functional Family Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase

Enzyme Information

1.17.1.4
Xanthine dehydrogenase.
based on mapping to UniProt P22985
Xanthine + NAD(+) + H(2)O = urate + NADH.
-!- Acts on a variety of purines and aldehydes, including hypoxanthine. -!- The mammalian enzyme can also convert all-trans retinol to all-trans- retinoate, while the substrate is bound to a retinoid-binding protein. -!- The enzyme from eukaryotes contains [2Fe-2S], FAD and a molybdenum center. -!- The mammallian enzyme predominantly exists as the NAD-dependent dehydrogenase (EC 1.17.1.4). -!- During purification the enzyme is largely converted to an O(2)- dependent form, EC 1.17.3.2. -!- The conversion can be triggered by several mechanisms, including the oxidation of cysteine thiols to form disulfide bonds (which can be catalyzed by EC 1.8.4.7 in the presence of glutathione disulfide) or limited proteolysis, which results in irreversible conversion. -!- The conversion can also occur in vivo. -!- Formerly EC 1.2.1.37 and EC 1.1.1.204.
1.17.3.2
Xanthine oxidase.
based on mapping to UniProt P22985
Xanthine + H(2)O + O(2) = urate + H(2)O(2).
-!- Also oxidizes hypoxanthine, some other purines and pterins, and aldehydes, but is distinct from EC 1.2.3.1. -!- Under some conditions the product is mainly superoxide rather than peroxide: R-H + H(2)O + 2 O(2) = ROH + 2 O(2)(.-) + 2 H(+). -!- The mammallian enzyme predominantly exists as an NAD-dependent dehydrogenase (EC 1.17.1.4). -!- During purification the enzyme is largely converted to the O(2)- dependent xanthine oxidase form (EC 1.17.3.2). -!- The conversion can be triggered by several mechanisms, including the oxidation of cysteine thiols to form disulfide bonds (which can be catalyzed by EC 1.8.4.7 in the presence of glutathione disulfide) or limited proteolysis, which results in irreversible conversion. -!- The conversion can also occur in vivo. -!- Formerly EC 1.1.3.22 and EC 1.2.3.2.

UniProtKB Entries (1)

P22985
XDH_RAT
Rattus norvegicus
Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase

PDB Structure

PDB 2E3T
External Links
Method X-RAY DIFFRACTION
Organism Spodoptera
Primary Citation
Two mutations convert mammalian xanthine oxidoreductase to highly superoxide-productive xanthine oxidase
Asai, R., Nishino, T., Matsumura, T., Okamoto, K., Igarashi, K., Pai, E.F., Nishino, T.
J.Biochem.(Tokyo)
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