The process in which a microtubule is broken down into smaller segments. Severing enzymes remove dimers from the middle of the filament to create new ends, unlike depolymerizing kinesins that use ATP to uncap microtubules at their ends

The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell body toward the cell periphery in nerve cell axons.

The directed movement of mitochondria along microtubules in nerve cell axons.

A process that results in a parallel arrangement of microtubules.

A cell cycle process that results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after mitosis, resulting in the separation of the original cell into two daughter cells.

The cell cycle transition where a cell leaves M phase and enters a new G1 phase. M phase is the part of the mitotic cell cycle during which mitosis and cytokinesis take place.

The reformation of the nuclear envelope following its breakdown in the context of a normal process.

The formation of a protein hexamer, a macromolecular structure consisting of six noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits.

The controlled breakdown of the spindle during a mitotic cell cycle.

The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of identical component monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the separation of a single continuous membrane into two membranes.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving ATP, adenosine triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator.

The process in which a microtubule is broken down into smaller segments. Severing enzymes remove dimers from the middle of the filament to create new ends, unlike depolymerizing kinesins that use ATP to uncap microtubules at their ends

The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi.

A cellular process that is involved in cytokinesis (the division of the cytoplasm of a cell and its separation into two daughter cells).

The process in which a microtubule is broken down into smaller segments. Severing enzymes remove dimers from the middle of the filament to create new ends, unlike depolymerizing kinesins that use ATP to uncap microtubules at their ends

A cell cycle process that results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after mitosis, resulting in the separation of the original cell into two daughter cells.

A process that results in a parallel arrangement of microtubules.

The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi.

The cell cycle transition where a cell leaves M phase and enters a new G1 phase. M phase is the part of the mitotic cell cycle during which mitosis and cytokinesis take place.

The reformation of the nuclear envelope following its breakdown in the context of a normal process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell, and its separation into two daughter cells.

A cellular process that is involved in cytokinesis (the division of the cytoplasm of a cell and its separation into two daughter cells).

The formation of a protein hexamer, a macromolecular structure consisting of six noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits.

The process in which a microtubule is broken down into smaller segments. Severing enzymes remove dimers from the middle of the filament to create new ends, unlike depolymerizing kinesins that use ATP to uncap microtubules at their ends

The controlled breakdown of the spindle during a mitotic cell cycle.

The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of identical component monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer.

A cytokinesis that involves the function of a set of proteins that are part of the microfilament or microtubule cytoskeleton.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the separation of a single continuous membrane into two membranes.

The cell cycle process in which replicated homologous chromosomes are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two sets during the mitotic cell cycle. Each replicated chromosome, composed of two sister chromatids, aligns at the cell equator, paired with its homologous partner. One homolog of each morphologic type goes into each of the resulting chromosome sets.

The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an osteoblast, a mesodermal or neural crest cell that gives rise to bone.

The process in which a multicellular organism, a unicellular organism or a group of unicellular organisms grow in a threadlike, filamentous shape.

The multiplication or reproduction of osteoblasts, resulting in the expansion of an osteoblast cell population. An osteoblast is a bone-forming cell which secretes an extracellular matrix. Hydroxyapatite crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.

Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins.

A cell cycle process by which the cell nucleus divides as part of a meiotic cell cycle in the male germline.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to the organism.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the error-free repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the broken DNA molecule is repaired using homologous sequences.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.

The process in which a microtubule is broken down into smaller segments. Severing enzymes remove dimers from the middle of the filament to create new ends, unlike depolymerizing kinesins that use ATP to uncap microtubules at their ends

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ionizing radiation stimulus. Ionizing radiation is radiation with sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms and may arise from spontaneous decay of unstable isotopes, resulting in alpha and beta particles and gamma rays. Ionizing radiation also includes X-rays.

A cell cycle process that results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after mitosis, resulting in the separation of the original cell into two daughter cells.

A process that results in a parallel arrangement of microtubules.

The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an osteoblast, a mesodermal or neural crest cell that gives rise to bone.

The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of endosomes.

A cell cycle process by which the cell nucleus divides as part of a meiotic cell cycle in the male germline.

De novo generation of a long process of a neuron, including the terminal branched region. Refers to the morphogenesis or creation of shape or form of the developing axon, which carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells.

De novo generation of a long process of a neuron, including the terminal branched region. Refers to the morphogenesis or creation of shape or form of the developing axon, which carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells.

The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions.

The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell body toward the cell periphery in nerve cell axons.

The cell cycle transition where a cell leaves M phase and enters a new G1 phase. M phase is the part of the mitotic cell cycle during which mitosis and cytokinesis take place.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the error-free repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the broken DNA molecule is repaired using homologous sequences.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the error-free repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the broken DNA molecule is repaired using homologous sequences.

The neurological system process in which a signal is transmitted through the nervous system by a combination of action potential propagation and synaptic transmission.

The directed movement of mitochondria along microtubules in nerve cell axons.

Generation of a long process from a neuron whose cell body resides in the central nervous system. The process carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures formed of microtubules and associated proteins in the cytoplasm of a cell.

The reformation of the nuclear envelope following its breakdown in the context of a normal process.

The directed movement of membrane-bounded vesicles from recycling endosomes back to the plasma membrane where they are recycled for further rounds of transport.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell, and its separation into two daughter cells.

A cellular process that is involved in cytokinesis (the division of the cytoplasm of a cell and its separation into two daughter cells).

The multiplication or reproduction of osteoblasts, resulting in the expansion of an osteoblast cell population. An osteoblast is a bone-forming cell which secretes an extracellular matrix. Hydroxyapatite crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone.

The formation of a protein hexamer, a macromolecular structure consisting of six noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits.

The directed movement of a hemocyte within the embryo. Hemocytes are blood cells associated with a hemocoel (the cavity containing most of the major organs of the arthropod body) which are involved in defense and clotting of hemolymph, but not involved in transport of oxygen. In Drosophila, embryonic hemocytes originate from the head mesoderm as a cluster of cells. The cluster splits into two and one group of cells crosses the amnioserosa. Both populations then spread toward the middle of the embryo and then disperse evenly throughout the embryo.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tooth or teeth over time, from formation to the mature structure(s). A tooth is any hard bony, calcareous, or chitinous organ found in the mouth or pharynx of an animal and used in procuring or masticating food.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of recombination during meiosis. Reciprocal meiotic recombination is the cell cycle process in which double strand breaks are formed and repaired through a double Holliday junction intermediate.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of recombination during meiosis. Reciprocal meiotic recombination is the cell cycle process in which double strand breaks are formed and repaired through a double Holliday junction intermediate.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic growth at neuromuscular junction.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic growth at neuromuscular junction.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving ATP, adenosine triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator.

A process that modulates synaptic plasticity, the ability of synapses to change as circumstances require. They may alter function, such as increasing or decreasing their sensitivity, or they may increase or decrease in actual numbers.

Long distance growth of a single axon process involved in cellular development.

Long distance growth of a single axon process involved in cellular development.

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of axon extension involved in regeneration.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite morphogenesis.

The process in which a microtubule is broken down into smaller segments. Severing enzymes remove dimers from the middle of the filament to create new ends, unlike depolymerizing kinesins that use ATP to uncap microtubules at their ends

The controlled breakdown of the spindle during a mitotic cell cycle.

The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of identical component monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer.

Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ionizing radiation stimulus. Ionizing radiation is radiation with sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms and may arise from spontaneous decay of unstable isotopes, resulting in alpha and beta particles and gamma rays. Ionizing radiation also includes X-rays.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ionizing radiation stimulus. Ionizing radiation is radiation with sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms and may arise from spontaneous decay of unstable isotopes, resulting in alpha and beta particles and gamma rays. Ionizing radiation also includes X-rays.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a reactive oxygen species, any molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of phagocytes, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to biopolymers.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the separation of a single continuous membrane into two membranes.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuromuscular synaptic transmission.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuromuscular synaptic transmission.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of terminal button organization.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus.

A structure comprised of a core structure (in most organisms, a pair of centrioles) and peripheral material from which a microtubule-based structure, such as a spindle apparatus, is organized. Centrosomes occur close to the nucleus during interphase in many eukaryotic cells, though in animal cells it changes continually during the cell-division cycle.

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.

Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the nucleus and form the nuclear envelope; excludes the intermembrane space.

A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.

A thin cytoplasmic bridge formed between daughter cells at the end of cytokinesis. The midbody forms where the contractile ring constricts, and may persist for some time before finally breaking to complete cytokinesis.

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm.

A chromosome that encodes the nuclear genome and is found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell during the cell cycle phases when the nucleus is intact.

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

The region of a cell that lies just beneath the plasma membrane and often, but not always, contains a network of actin filaments and associated proteins.

A thin cytoplasmic bridge formed between daughter cells at the end of cytokinesis. The midbody forms where the contractile ring constricts, and may persist for some time before finally breaking to complete cytokinesis.

A thin cytoplasmic bridge formed between daughter cells at the end of cytokinesis. The midbody forms where the contractile ring constricts, and may persist for some time before finally breaking to complete cytokinesis.

A vesicle found in the cytoplasm of a cell.

Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the nucleus and form the nuclear envelope; excludes the intermembrane space.

A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.

A structure composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information.

A structure comprised of a core structure (in most organisms, a pair of centrioles) and peripheral material from which a microtubule-based structure, such as a spindle apparatus, is organized. Centrosomes occur close to the nucleus during interphase in many eukaryotic cells, though in animal cells it changes continually during the cell-division cycle.

The array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during mitosis or meiosis and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart.

The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of microtubules and associated proteins.

Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus.

A chromosome that encodes the nuclear genome and is found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell during the cell cycle phases when the nucleus is intact.

A chromosome that encodes the nuclear genome and is found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell during the cell cycle phases when the nucleus is intact.

The end, or tip, of a fungal hypha, where polarized growth occurs during hyphal elongation.

A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.

That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus.

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

The array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during mitosis or meiosis and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart.

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

A thin cytoplasmic bridge formed between daughter cells at the end of cytokinesis. The midbody forms where the contractile ring constricts, and may persist for some time before finally breaking to complete cytokinesis.

A vesicle found in the cytoplasm of a cell.

The junction between the axon of a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. In response to the arrival of action potentials, the presynaptic button releases molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane of the muscle fiber, leading to a change in post-synaptic potential.

Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the nucleus and form the nuclear envelope; excludes the intermembrane space.

The eventual plane of cell division (also known as cell cleavage or cytokinesis) in a dividing cell. In Eukaryotes, the cleavage apparatus, composed of septin structures and the actomyosin contractile ring, forms along this plane, and the mitotic, or meiotic, spindle is aligned perpendicular to the division plane. In bacteria, the cell division site is generally located at mid-cell and is the site at which the cytoskeletal structure, the Z-ring, assembles.

A cell tip which has existed for at least one complete cell cycle, and at which polarized growth occurs. For example, in fission yeast the cell end that existed prior to cell division grows immediately after division, and contains a distinctive complement of proteins including actin cytoskeletal structures.

A cell tip that was newly formed at the last cell division, and that has started to grow after the cell has activated bipolar cell growth (i.e. in which new end take-off, NETO, has taken place). New end take-off is when monopolar cells initiate bipolar growth.

A ring-shaped structure that forms at the medial cortex of a symmetrically dividing cell at the onset of cytokinesis; composed of members of the conserved family of filament forming proteins called septins as well as septin-associated proteins.

Terminal inflated portion of the axon, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters. The axon terminus is considered to be the whole region of thickening and the terminal bouton is a specialized region of it.

Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus.

The region at the end of the longest axis of a cylindrical or elongated cell.

A subcompartment of the endoplasmic reticulum consisting of tubules having membranes with high curvature in cross-section.