A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened.

The assembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole.

Behavior in a fully developed and mature organism.

Behavior directed towards society, or taking place between members of the same species. Occurs predominantly, or only, in individuals that are part of a group.

The process in which synaptic vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes, mediated by molecules at the vesicle membrane and target membrane surfaces.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle exocytosis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.

The separation of a multi-nucleate cell or syncytium into individual cells. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster embryo development.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis.

Behavior in a fully developed and mature organism.

Behavior directed towards society, or taking place between members of the same species. Occurs predominantly, or only, in individuals that are part of a group.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle docking.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle docking.

Any process, acting in the presynapse that results in modulation of chemical synaptic transmission.

Any process, acting in the presynapse that results in modulation of chemical synaptic transmission.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamate import into a cell.

A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died.

A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spermatid over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Brain development begins with patterning events in the neural tube and ends with the mature structure that is the center of thought and emotion. The brain is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.).

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of sperm mitochondria; the process in which they take on their characteristic morphology; they are flattened, elongated, and arranged circumferentially into a tight helical coil around the tail-dense fibers of the mature sperm.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of ubiquitin groups to a protein.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of ubiquitin groups to a protein.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.

Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis.

A process required for sperm to reach fertilization competence. Sperm undergo an incompletely understood series of morphological and molecular maturational processes, termed capacitation, involving, among other processes, protein tyrosine phosphorylation and increased intracellular calcium.

The process of creating protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers; polymeric proteins may be made up of different or identical monomers. Polymerization occurs by the addition of extra monomers to an existing poly- or oligomeric protein.

The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of identical component monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer.

The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of identical component monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer.

The assembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole.

A cytokinesis that involves the function of a set of proteins that are part of the microfilament or microtubule cytoskeleton.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a cilium.

A protein complex containing septins. Typically, these complexes contain multiple septins and are oligomeric.

A protein complex containing septins. Typically, these complexes contain multiple septins and are oligomeric.

A secretory organelle, typically 50 nm in diameter, of presynaptic nerve terminals; accumulates in high concentrations of neurotransmitters and secretes these into the synaptic cleft by fusion with the 'active zone' of the presynaptic plasma membrane.

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

The ring-like, filamentous structure located at the distal end of the midpiece of the sperm flagellum; the annulus is thought to form a diffusion barrier between the midpiece and the principal piece and serve as a stabilizing structure for tail rigidity.

A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.

The bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia (also called flagella) in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements.

The portion of the photoreceptor cell cilium linking the photoreceptor inner and outer segments. It's considered to be equivalent to the ciliary transition zone.

A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm.

A cilium which may have a variable array of axonemal microtubules but does not contain molecular motors.

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

A secretory organelle, typically 50 nm in diameter, of presynaptic nerve terminals; accumulates in high concentrations of neurotransmitters and secretes these into the synaptic cleft by fusion with the 'active zone' of the presynaptic plasma membrane.

A protein complex containing septins. Typically, these complexes contain multiple septins and are oligomeric.

A protein complex containing septins. Typically, these complexes contain multiple septins and are oligomeric.

The junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron, muscle fiber or glial cell. As the nerve fiber approaches the synapse it enlarges into a specialized structure, the presynaptic nerve ending, which contains mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. At the tip of the nerve ending is the presynaptic membrane; facing it, and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft) is a specialized area of membrane on the receiving cell, known as the postsynaptic membrane. In response to the arrival of nerve impulses, the presynaptic nerve ending secretes molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane.

A contractile actin filament bundle that consists of short actin filaments with alternating polarity, cross-linked by alpha-actinin and possibly other actin bundling proteins, and with myosin present in a periodic distribution along the fiber.

That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus.

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

The region of a cell that lies just beneath the plasma membrane and often, but not always, contains a network of actin filaments and associated proteins.

A secretory organelle, typically 50 nm in diameter, of presynaptic nerve terminals; accumulates in high concentrations of neurotransmitters and secretes these into the synaptic cleft by fusion with the 'active zone' of the presynaptic plasma membrane.

The cleavage furrow is a plasma membrane invagination at the cell division site. The cleavage furrow begins as a shallow groove and eventually deepens to divide the cytoplasm.

A prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.

Terminal inflated portion of the axon, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters. The axon terminus is considered to be the whole region of thickening and the terminal bouton is a specialized region of it.

An electrically insulating fatty layer that surrounds the axons of many neurons. It is an outgrowth of glial cells: Schwann cells supply the myelin for peripheral neurons while oligodendrocytes supply it to those of the central nervous system.

Terminal inflated portion of the axon, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters. The axon terminus is considered to be the whole region of thickening and the terminal button is a specialized region of it.

The terminal specialization of a calyciferous axon which forms large synapses in the mammalian auditory central nervous system.

The terminal specialization of a calyciferous axon which forms large synapses in the mammalian auditory central nervous system.

The ring-like, filamentous structure located at the distal end of the midpiece of the sperm flagellum; the annulus is thought to form a diffusion barrier between the midpiece and the principal piece and serve as a stabilizing structure for tail rigidity.

The part of a synapse that is part of the presynaptic cell.

The part of a synapse that is part of the presynaptic cell.

A protein complex peripherally associated with the plasma membrane that determines where vesicles dock and fuse. At least eight complex components are conserved between yeast and mammals.

A protein complex peripherally associated with the plasma membrane that determines where vesicles dock and fuse. At least eight complex components are conserved between yeast and mammals.

A contractile actin filament bundle that consists of short actin filaments with alternating polarity, cross-linked by alpha-actinin and possibly other actin bundling proteins, and with myosin present in a periodic distribution along the fiber.

A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.

A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.

That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus.

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration.

A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration.

The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope.

A cytoskeletal structure composed of actin filaments and myosin that forms beneath the plasma membrane of many cells, including animal cells and yeast cells, in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the spindle, i.e. the cell division plane. In animal cells, the contractile ring is located at the cleavage furrow. In budding fungal cells, e.g. mitotic S. cerevisiae cells, the contractile ring forms at the mother-bud neck before mitosis.

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

Any microtubule that is part of a mitotic or meiotic spindle; anchored at one spindle pole.

The bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia (also called flagella) in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements.

The region of a cell that lies just beneath the plasma membrane and often, but not always, contains a network of actin filaments and associated proteins.

The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane.

The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of actin and associated proteins. Includes actin cytoskeleton-associated complexes.

The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of microtubules and associated proteins.

A thin cytoplasmic bridge formed between daughter cells at the end of cytokinesis. The midbody forms where the contractile ring constricts, and may persist for some time before finally breaking to complete cytokinesis.

A protein complex containing septins. Typically, these complexes contain multiple septins and are oligomeric.

A cilium which may have a variable arrangement of axonemal microtubules and also contains molecular motors. It may beat with a whip-like pattern that promotes cell motility or transport of fluids and other cells across a cell surface, such as on epithelial cells that line the lumenal ducts of various tissues; or they may display a distinct twirling motion that directs fluid flow asymmetrically across the cellular surface to affect asymmetric body plan organization. Motile cilia can be found in single as well as multiple copies per cell.

The cleavage furrow is a plasma membrane invagination at the cell division site. The cleavage furrow begins as a shallow groove and eventually deepens to divide the cytoplasm.

The portion of the photoreceptor cell cilium linking the photoreceptor inner and outer segments. It's considered to be equivalent to the ciliary transition zone.

A region of the cilium between the basal body and proximal segment that is characterized by Y-shaped assemblages that connect axonemal microtubules to the ciliary membrane. The ciliary transition zone appears to function as a gate that controls ciliary membrane composition and separates the cytosol from the ciliary plasm.

A microtubule-based flagellum (or cilium) that is part of a sperm, a mature male germ cell that develops from a spermatid.

Terminal inflated portion of the axon, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters. The axon terminus is considered to be the whole region of thickening and the terminal bouton is a specialized region of it.

Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus.

Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus.

The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a cilium.

A cilium which may have a variable array of axonemal microtubules but does not contain molecular motors.