The progression of the hepaticobiliary system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hepaticobiliary system is responsible for metabolic and catabolic processing of small molecules absorbed from the blood or gut, hormones and serum proteins, detoxification, storage of glycogen, triglycerides, metals and lipid soluble vitamins and excretion of bile. Included are the synthesis of albumin, blood coagulation factors, complement, and specific binding proteins.

The progression of the gall bladder over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The gall bladder is a cavitated organ that stores bile.

The progression of the hepatic duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hepatic duct is the duct that leads from the liver to the common bile duct.

A telomere maintenance process that results in the formation of a telomeric circle, or t-circle. A t-circle is an extrachromosomal duplex or single-stranded circular DNA molecule composed of t-arrays. T-circles are involved in the control of telomere length via alternative-lengthening of telomeres (ALT) pathway and telomere rapid deletion (TRD).

The error-free repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the broken DNA molecule is repaired using homologous sequences. A strand in the broken DNA searches for a homologous region in an intact chromosome to serve as the template for DNA synthesis. The restoration of two intact DNA molecules results in the exchange, reciprocal or nonreciprocal, of genetic material between the intact DNA molecule and the broken DNA molecule.

The error-free repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the broken DNA molecule is repaired using homologous sequences. A strand in the broken DNA searches for a homologous region in an intact chromosome to serve as the template for DNA synthesis. The restoration of two intact DNA molecules results in the exchange, reciprocal or nonreciprocal, of genetic material between the intact DNA molecule and the broken DNA molecule.

The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway.

The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway.

A DNA repair process in which a small region of the strand surrounding the damage is removed from the DNA helix as an oligonucleotide. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase. Nucleotide excision repair recognizes a wide range of substrates, including damage caused by UV irradiation (pyrimidine dimers and 6-4 photoproducts) and chemicals (intrastrand cross-links and bulky adducts).

A DNA repair process in which a small region of the strand surrounding the damage is removed from the DNA helix as an oligonucleotide. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase. Nucleotide excision repair recognizes a wide range of substrates, including damage caused by UV irradiation (pyrimidine dimers and 6-4 photoproducts) and chemicals (intrastrand cross-links and bulky adducts).

The 5' to 3' exonucleolytic resection of the DNA at the site of the break to form a 3' single-strand DNA overhang that results in the repair of a double strand break via single-strand annealing.

The 5' to 3' exonucleolytic resection of the DNA at the site of the break to form a 3' single-strand DNA overhang that results in the repair of a double strand break via single-strand annealing.

Removal of a DNA interstrand crosslink (a covalent attachment of DNA bases on opposite strands of the DNA) and restoration of the DNA. DNA interstrand crosslinks occur when both strands of duplex DNA are covalently tethered together (e.g. by an exogenous or endogenous agent), thus preventing the strand unwinding necessary for essential DNA functions such as transcription and replication.

A telomere loop disassembly process that results in the disassembly of telomeric D-loops. A telomeric D-loop is a three-stranded DNA displacement loop that forms at the site where the telomeric 3' single-stranded DNA overhang (formed of the repeat sequence TTAGGG in mammals) is tucked back inside the double-stranded component of telomeric DNA molecule, thus forming a t-loop or telomeric-loop and protecting the chromosome terminus.

A telomere loop disassembly process that results in the disassembly of telomeric D-loops. A telomeric D-loop is a three-stranded DNA displacement loop that forms at the site where the telomeric 3' single-stranded DNA overhang (formed of the repeat sequence TTAGGG in mammals) is tucked back inside the double-stranded component of telomeric DNA molecule, thus forming a t-loop or telomeric-loop and protecting the chromosome terminus.

A process that occurs in response to signals generated as a result of intra-S DNA damage checkpoint signaling.

A process that occurs in response to signals generated as a result of intra-S DNA damage checkpoint signaling.

A telomere maintenance process that results in the formation of a telomeric circle, or t-circle. A t-circle is an extrachromosomal duplex or single-stranded circular DNA molecule composed of t-arrays. T-circles are involved in the control of telomere length via alternative-lengthening of telomeres (ALT) pathway and telomere rapid deletion (TRD).

A telomere maintenance process that results in the formation of a telomeric circle, or t-circle. A t-circle is an extrachromosomal duplex or single-stranded circular DNA molecule composed of t-arrays. T-circles are involved in the control of telomere length via alternative-lengthening of telomeres (ALT) pathway and telomere rapid deletion (TRD).

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of t-circle formation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of t-circle formation.

The terminal region of a linear chromosome that includes the telomeric DNA repeats and associated proteins.

The terminal region of a linear chromosome that includes the telomeric DNA repeats and associated proteins.

That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus.

That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus.

That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus.

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

A cellular component that forms a specialized region of connection between two or more cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix. At a cell junction, anchoring proteins extend through the plasma membrane to link cytoskeletal proteins in one cell to cytoskeletal proteins in neighboring cells or to proteins in the extracellular matrix.

A cellular component that forms a specialized region of connection between two or more cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix. At a cell junction, anchoring proteins extend through the plasma membrane to link cytoskeletal proteins in one cell to cytoskeletal proteins in neighboring cells or to proteins in the extracellular matrix.

A heterodimeric protein complex that possesses an endonuclease activity that specifically cleaves certain types of branched DNA structures; because such structures often form during the replication ribosomal DNA (rDNA) repeats, the complex plays a role in the maintenance of rDNA. The subunits are known as Slx1 and Slx 4 in budding and fission yeasts, and are conserved in eukaryotes.

A heterodimeric protein complex that possesses an endonuclease activity that specifically cleaves certain types of branched DNA structures; because such structures often form during the replication ribosomal DNA (rDNA) repeats, the complex plays a role in the maintenance of rDNA. The subunits are known as Slx1 and Slx 4 in budding and fission yeasts, and are conserved in eukaryotes.

A heterodimeric protein complex that possesses an endonuclease activity that specifically cleaves certain types of branched DNA structures; because such structures often form during the replication ribosomal DNA (rDNA) repeats, the complex plays a role in the maintenance of rDNA. The subunits are known as Slx1 and Slx 4 in budding and fission yeasts, and are conserved in eukaryotes.