Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA or circRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA or circRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.

The process in which the population of cells that make up a mesenchyme undergo directed movement.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins to form the actin-based thin filaments of myofibrils in skeletal muscle.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeletal muscle fiber over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast.

A process in which force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mechanical stimulus.

The sliding of actin thin filaments and myosin thick filaments past each other in muscle contraction. This involves a process of interaction of myosin located on a thick filament with actin located on a thin filament. During this process ATP is split and forces are generated.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins to form the actin-based thin filaments of myofibrils in skeletal muscle.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transmembrane transporter activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine into a cell.

A tissue homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium within the retina of the eye, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function.

A cellular process that results in the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a cell junction.

An Fc-gamma receptor signaling pathway that contributes to the endocytic engulfment of external particulate material by phagocytes.

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an ephrin receptor binding to an ephrin.

A vesicle-mediated transport process, in which the synaptic vesicle membrane constituents are retrieved from the presynaptic membrane on the axon terminal after neurotransmitter secretion by exocytosis. Synaptic vesicle endocytosis can occur via clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent mechanisms.

A vesicle-mediated transport process, in which the synaptic vesicle membrane constituents are retrieved from the presynaptic membrane on the axon terminal after neurotransmitter secretion by exocytosis. Synaptic vesicle endocytosis can occur via clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent mechanisms.

A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins.

The adhesion of one platelet to one or more other platelets via adhesion molecules.

A cell cycle process that results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after mitosis, resulting in the separation of the original cell into two daughter cells.

Dynamic structural changes to eukaryotic chromatin occurring throughout the cell division cycle. These changes range from the local changes necessary for transcriptional regulation to global changes necessary for chromosome segregation.

The resolution of the male germline syncytium or cyst into individual gametes by packaging each spermatid into its own plasma membrane.

Any process in which a protein is maintained in a specific location within, or in the membrane of, a cell, and is prevented from moving elsewhere.

Creation of the central hole of a tube in an anatomical structure through which gases and/or liquids flow.

The multicellular organismal process in which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body.

A process in which force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis.

A process in which force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis.

Any process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus.

A process, occurring in the vascular tissue, whereby actin/myosin complex activity generates force through ATP hydrolysis resulting in a change in smooth muscle geometry. This process is always coupled to chemo-mechanical energy conversion.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of hepatic stellate cell migration.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of hepatic stellate cell migration.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hepatic stellate cell contraction.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hepatic stellate cell contraction.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a glomerular mesangial cell in the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hepatic stellate cell activation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hepatic stellate cell activation.

Movement of organelles or other particles along actin filaments, or sliding of actin filaments past each other, mediated by motor proteins.

Movement of organelles or other particles along actin filaments, or sliding of actin filaments past each other, mediated by motor proteins.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures containing both actin and myosin or paramyosin. The myosin may be organized into filaments.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures containing both actin and myosin or paramyosin. The myosin may be organized into filaments.

The sliding movement of actin thin filaments and myosin thick filaments past each other.

The sliding movement of actin thin filaments and myosin thick filaments past each other.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a drug stimulus. A drug is a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ethanol stimulus.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cardiac myofibril over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac myofibril is a myofibril specific to cardiac muscle cells.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cardiac myofibril over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac myofibril is a myofibril specific to cardiac muscle cells.

The process in which the anatomical structures of cardiac muscle tissue are generated and organized.

The process in which the anatomical structures of cardiac muscle tissue are generated and organized.

The multicellular organismal process in which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body.

Muscle contraction of cardiac muscle tissue.

Muscle contraction of cardiac muscle tissue.

The actin filament-based process in which cytoplasmic actin filaments slide past one another resulting in contraction of all or part of the cell body.

The progression of the substantia nigra over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The substantia nigra is the layer of gray substance that separates the posterior parts of the cerebral peduncles (tegmentum mesencephali) from the anterior parts; it normally includes a posterior compact part with many pigmented cells (pars compacta) and an anterior reticular part whose cells contain little pigment (pars reticularis).

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity.

De novo generation of a long process of a neuron, including the terminal branched region. Refers to the morphogenesis or creation of shape or form of the developing axon, which carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells.

De novo generation of a long process of a neuron, including the terminal branched region. Refers to the morphogenesis or creation of shape or form of the developing axon, which carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells.

Any biological process in an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.

The removal of one or more ubiquitin groups from a protein.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transmembrane transporter activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transmembrane transporter activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transmembrane transporter activity.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of being rendered immobile.

Dynamic structural changes to eukaryotic chromatin that require energy from the hydrolysis of ATP, ranging from local changes necessary for transcriptional regulation to global changes necessary for chromosome segregation, mediated by ATP-dependent chromatin-remodelling factors.

Any epigenetic process that activates or increases the rate of gene expression.

Any process involved in the controlled self-propelled movement of a cell that results in translocation of the cell from one place to another.

Any process involved in the controlled self-propelled movement of a cell that results in translocation of the cell from one place to another.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine into a cell.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine into a cell.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine into a cell.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of norepinephrine into a cell.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electrical stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electrical stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytochalasin B stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytochalasin B stimulus.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins in the postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins in the postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an extracellular stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lithium (Li+) ion stimulus.

Assembly of actin filaments by the addition of actin monomers to a filament.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins to form the actin-based thin filaments of myofibrils in skeletal muscle.

Any process in which the skeletal muscle fibers change their phenotypic profiles in response to altered functional demands and a variety of signals. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a steroid hormone stimulus.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeletal muscle fiber over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast.

The assembly of actin filament bundles; actin filaments are on the same axis but may be oriented with the same or opposite polarities and may be packed with different levels of tightness.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organonitrogen stimulus. An organonitrogen compound is formally a compound containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of actin-dependent ATPase activity.

The myofibril assembly process that results in the organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a calcium ion stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus. Interferon gamma is the only member of the type II interferon found so far.

A process involved in the controlled movement of a bacterial cell within a host cell, powered by the continuous polymerization of host actin at one pole of the cell.

The process in which the anatomical structure of the endocardial cushion is generated and organized. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves.

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an endocardial cushion. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves.

The progression of the atrioventricular canal over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The atrioventricular canal is the part of the heart connecting the atrium to the cardiac ventricle.

The modification of a histone by the addition of an acetyl group.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.

A process involved in the controlled movement of a bacterial cell within a host cell, powered by the continuous polymerization of host actin at one pole of the cell.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.

The process in which the root hair grows longer.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeletal myofibril over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A skeletal myofibril is a myofibril specific to skeletal muscle cells.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins to form the actin-based thin filaments of myofibrils in striated muscle.

The replacement, within chromatin, of resident histones or histone subunits with alternative, sometimes variant, histones or subunits.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell in the root epidermis acquires the specialized features of a trichoblast or atrichoblast.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.

Localized growth of a plant root hair tip by extension of the cell wall.

Any process that modulates the physical form of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell).

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a neuromuscular junction that targets a skeletal muscle fiber.

A cell cycle process that results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after mitosis, resulting in the separation of the original cell into two daughter cells.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a high light intensity stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytokinin stimulus.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo over time, from zygote formation until the end of the embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic life stage is organism-specific and may be somewhat arbitrary; for mammals it is usually considered to be birth, for insects the hatching of the first instar larva from the eggshell.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a red light stimulus. Red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength of 580-700nm. An example of this response is seen at the beginning of many plant species developmental stages. These include germination, and the point when cotyledon expansion is triggered. In certain species these processes take place in response to absorption of red light by the pigment molecule phytochrome, but the signal can be reversed by exposure to far red light. During the initial phase the phytochrome molecule is only present in the red light absorbing form, but on absorption of red light it changes to a far red light absorbing form, triggering progress through development. An immediate short period of exposure to far red light entirely returns the pigment to its initial state and prevents triggering of the developmental process. A thirty minute break between red and subsequent far red light exposure renders the red light effect irreversible, and development then occurs regardless of whether far red light exposure subsequently occurs.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of far red light stimulus. Far red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 700-800nm. An example of this response is seen at the beginning of many plant species developmental stages. These include germination, and the point when cotyledon expansion is triggered. In certain species these processes take place in response to absorption of red light by the pigment molecule phytochrome, but the signal can be reversed by exposure to far red light. During the initial phase the phytochrome molecule is only present in the red light absorbing form, but on absorption of red light it changes to a far red light absorbing form, triggering progress through development. An immediate short period of exposure to far red light entirely returns the pigment to its initial state and prevents triggering of the developmental process. A thirty minute break between red and subsequent far red light exposure renders the red light effect irreversible, and development then occurs regardless of whether far red light exposure subsequently occurs.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of actin-based cytoskeletal structures in the cell cortex, i.e. just beneath the plasma membrane.

A vesicle-mediated transport process in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle.

The distribution of mitochondria, including the mitochondrial genome, into daughter cells after mitosis or meiosis, mediated by interactions between mitochondria and the cytoskeleton.

The distribution of vacuoles into daughter cells after mitosis or meiosis, mediated by interactions between vacuoles and the cytoskeleton.

A cell cycle process that sets the alignment of mitotic spindle relative to other cellular structures.

The process of an actomyosin ring getting smaller in diameter, in the context of cytokinesis that takes place as part of a cell cycle.

The process of an actomyosin ring getting smaller in diameter, in the context of cytokinesis that takes place as part of a cell cycle.

The process associated with progression of the cell from its inception to the end of its lifespan that occurs when the cell is in a non-dividing, or quiescent, state.

The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway.

A process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle. Exocytosis can occur either by full fusion, when the vesicle collapses into the plasma membrane, or by a kiss-and-run mechanism that involves the formation of a transient contact, a pore, between a granule (for exemple of chromaffin cells) and the plasma membrane. The latter process most of the time leads to only partial secretion of the granule content. Exocytosis begins with steps that prepare vesicles for fusion with the membrane (tethering and docking) and ends when molecules are secreted from the cell.

Unlocalized bud growth such that the entire surface of the bud expands evenly, in a cell that reproduces by budding.

The controlled release of proteins from a cell.

The controlled release of proteins from a cell.

The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.

Movement of a vesicle along an actin filament, mediated by motor proteins.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an ascospore wall. During sporulation in Ascomycota, each ascospore nucleus becomes surrounded by a specialized spore wall, formed by deposition of spore wall components in the lumenal space between the outer and inner leaflets of the prospore membrane. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.