The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Brain development begins with patterning events in the neural tube and ends with the mature structure that is the center of thought and emotion. The brain is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.).

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the optic nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The sensory optic nerve originates from the bipolar cells of the retina and conducts visual information to the brainstem. The optic nerve exits the back of the eye in the orbit, enters the optic canal, and enters the central nervous system at the optic chiasm (crossing) where the nerve fibers become the optic tract just prior to entering the hindbrain.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the camera-type eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neuromast over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The neuromast is the sensory organ of the lateral line and is composed of a population of sensory hair cells, and nonsensory supporting cells and mantle cells. Neuromasts are located superficially on the epithelium or in lateral line canals.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the peripheral nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The peripheral nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the nervous system. Nerves in the PNS connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands.

The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a motor neuron is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the oculomotor nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. This motor nerve innervates all extraocular muscles except the superior oblique and the lateral rectus muscles. The superior division supplies the levator palpebrae superioris and superior rectus muscles. The inferior division supplies the medial rectus, inferior rectus and inferior oblique muscles. This nerve also innervates the striated muscles of the eyelid. Pupillary constriction and lens movement are mediated by this nerve for near vision. In the orbit the inferior division sends branches that enter the ciliary ganglion where they form functional contacts (synapses) with the ganglion cells. The ganglion cells send nerve fibers into the back of the eye where they travel to ultimately innervate the ciliary muscle and the constrictor pupillae muscle.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the trochlear nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The trochlear nerve is a motor nerve and is the only cranial nerve to exit the brain dorsally. The trochlear nerve innervates the superior oblique muscle.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the forebrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions).

The regrowth of axons following their loss or damage.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the viscerocranium are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. The viscerocranium is the part of the skull comprising the facial bones.

The extension of new blood vessels from existing vessels into avascular tissues, this process includes the specialization of endothelial cells into leading tip and stalk cells, proliferation and migration of the endothelial cells and cell adhesion resulting in angiogenic sprout fusion or lumen formation.

De novo generation of a long process of a neuron, including the terminal branched region. Refers to the morphogenesis or creation of shape or form of the developing axon, which carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells.

The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of an axon growth cone to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.

The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of an axon growth cone to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the posterior lateral line over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The posterior lateral line consists of small sensory patches (neuromasts) located superficially on the skin or just under the skin in fluid-filled canals on the body and trunk of all fishes and most amphibians. The posterior lateral line develops from cranial ectodermal placodes situated behind the ear.

The process in which a migrating neuromast primordium deposits clusters of undifferentiated cells (proneuromasts) along its migratory path in the developing posterior lateral line.

Generation of a long process from a neuron whose cell body resides in the peripheral nervous system. The axon carries action potential from the cell body towards target cells.

A transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity, forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell.

The progression of a somite from its initial formation to the mature structure. Somites are mesodermal clusters that are arranged segmentally along the anterior posterior axis of an embryo.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endoplasmic reticulum.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) tubular network. The ER tubular network is the ER part that comprises the membranes with high curvature in cross-section.

The radial migration of neuronal or glial precursor cells along radial glial cells during the development of the cerebral cortex.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axon outgrowth.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axon outgrowth.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the import of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into a cell or organelle.

Any process involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of a protein and preventing it from degradation or aggregation.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a nuclear pore complex.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a lysosome.

The directed movement of proteins in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) tubular network. The ER tubular network is the ER part that that has membranes with high curvature in cross-section.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) tubular network. The ER tubular network is the ER part that that has membranes with high curvature in cross-section.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) tubular network. The ER tubular network is the ER part that that has membranes with high curvature in cross-section.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) tubular network. The ER tubular network is the ER part that comprises the membranes with high curvature in cross-section.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) tubular network. The ER tubular network is the ER part that comprises the membranes with high curvature in cross-section.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) tubular network membrane.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) tubular network membrane.

Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels.

The initial formation of a blastocyst from a solid ball of cells known as a morula.

A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endoplasmic reticulum.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state.

The collection of axons into a bundle of rods, known as a fascicle.

The collection of axons into a bundle of rods, known as a fascicle.

The collection of axons into a bundle of rods, known as a fascicle.

The collection of axons into a bundle of rods, known as a fascicle.

A developmental process that is a deterioration and loss of function over time. Aging includes loss of functions such as resistance to disease, homeostasis, and fertility, as well as wear and tear. Aging includes cellular senescence, but is more inclusive. May precede death and may succeed developmental maturation (GO:0021700).

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell migration.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell migration.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an activity stimulus.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the olfactory nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The olfactory nerve is a collection of sensory nerve rootlets that extend down from the olfactory bulb to the olfactory mucosa of the upper parts of the nasal cavity. This nerve conducts odor information to the brainstem.

The radial migration of neuronal or glial precursor cells along radial glial cells during the development of the cerebral cortex.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axon outgrowth.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axon outgrowth.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of dopamine.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of dopamine.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway.

Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glia cell differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glia cell differentiation.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an oligodendrocyte. An oligodendrocyte is a type of glial cell involved in myelinating the axons of neurons in the central nervous system.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis.

Any process involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of a protein and preventing it from degradation or aggregation.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a nuclear pore complex.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a nuclear pore complex.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase B signaling, a series of reactions mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase B signaling, a series of reactions mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the sensory perception of pain, the series of events required for an organism to receive a painful stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the sensory perception of pain, the series of events required for an organism to receive a painful stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nervous system development, the origin and formation of nervous tissue.

A transition where a cardiac epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a lysosome.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron projection regeneration, the regrowth of neuronal processes such as axons or dendrites following their loss or damage.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron projection regeneration, the regrowth of neuronal processes such as axons or dendrites following their loss or damage.

Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of sphingolipids at the level of the cell.

The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules that contributes to the formation of a vascular network.\n\n\nDef: The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules that contributes to the formation of a blood vessel network.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ERBB3 signaling pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ERBB3 signaling pathway.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) tubular network membrane.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of branching morphogenesis of a nerve.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of branching morphogenesis of a nerve.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of branching morphogenesis of a nerve.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of branching morphogenesis of a nerve.

The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached).

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached).

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER or SER) has no ribosomes attached to it. The smooth ER is the recipient of the proteins synthesized in the rough ER. Those proteins to be exported are passed to the Golgi complex, the resident proteins are returned to the rough ER and the lysosomal proteins after phosphorylation of their mannose residues are passed to the lysosomes. Glycosylation of the glycoproteins also continues. The smooth ER is the site of synthesis of lipids, including the phospholipids. The membranes of the smooth ER also contain enzymes that catalyze a series of reactions to detoxify both lipid-soluble drugs and harmful products of metabolism. Large quantities of certain compounds such as phenobarbital cause an increase in the amount of the smooth ER.

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

A collection of membranous structures involved in transport within the cell. The main components of the endomembrane system are endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, vesicles, cell membrane and nuclear envelope. Members of the endomembrane system pass materials through each other or though the use of vesicles.

The long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminals and varicosities, which are sites of storage and release of neurotransmitter.

A large intracellular spectrin-rich structure that has been found in insect germline cells and mammalian hematopoietic cells. The fusome is an elongated, branched structure, formed from the spherical spectrosome organelle.

The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached).

The lipid bilayer surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum.

The lipid bilayer surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum.

The lipid bilayer surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum.

The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the Golgi apparatus.

A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.

The double lipid bilayer enclosing the nucleus and separating its contents from the rest of the cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space, a gap of width 20-40 nm (also called the perinuclear space).

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER or SER) has no ribosomes attached to it. The smooth ER is the recipient of the proteins synthesized in the rough ER. Those proteins to be exported are passed to the Golgi complex, the resident proteins are returned to the rough ER and the lysosomal proteins after phosphorylation of their mannose residues are passed to the lysosomes. Glycosylation of the glycoproteins also continues. The smooth ER is the site of synthesis of lipids, including the phospholipids. The membranes of the smooth ER also contain enzymes that catalyze a series of reactions to detoxify both lipid-soluble drugs and harmful products of metabolism. Large quantities of certain compounds such as phenobarbital cause an increase in the amount of the smooth ER.

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

The portion of sarcoplasmic reticulum devoted to calcium ion storage and calcium ion release.

The component of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.

Invagination of the plasma membrane of a muscle cell that extends inward from the cell surface around each myofibril. The ends of T-tubules make contact with the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane.

The portion of a neuron that includes the nucleus, but excludes cell projections such as axons and dendrites.

The membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum tubular network.

The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the Golgi apparatus.

That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid.

A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.

The double lipid bilayer enclosing the nucleus and separating its contents from the rest of the cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space, a gap of width 20-40 nm (also called the perinuclear space).

The double lipid bilayer enclosing the nucleus and separating its contents from the rest of the cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space, a gap of width 20-40 nm (also called the perinuclear space).

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached).

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

An electron dense network of proteins within and adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane of an asymmetric, neuron-neuron synapse. Its major components include neurotransmitter receptors and the proteins that spatially and functionally organize them such as anchoring and scaffolding molecules, signaling enzymes and cytoskeletal components.

The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.

A cellular component that forms a specialized region of connection between two or more cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix. At a cell junction, anchoring proteins extend through the plasma membrane to link cytoskeletal proteins in one cell to cytoskeletal proteins in neighboring cells or to proteins in the extracellular matrix.

The component of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.

The component of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.

The component of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.

The component of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.

A stable assembly of two or more macromolecules, i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids, in which at least one component is a protein and the constituent parts function together.

A stable assembly of two or more macromolecules, i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids, in which at least one component is a protein and the constituent parts function together.

A prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.

A prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite.

A prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite.

The portion of a neuron that includes the nucleus, but excludes cell projections such as axons and dendrites.

An electrically insulating fatty layer that surrounds the axons of many neurons. It is an outgrowth of glial cells: Schwann cells supply the myelin for peripheral neurons while oligodendrocytes supply it to those of the central nervous system.

An electrically insulating fatty layer that surrounds the axons of many neurons. It is an outgrowth of glial cells: Schwann cells supply the myelin for peripheral neurons while oligodendrocytes supply it to those of the central nervous system.

The migrating motile tip of a growing nerve cell axon.

The junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron, muscle fiber or glial cell. As the nerve fiber approaches the synapse it enlarges into a specialized structure, the presynaptic nerve ending, which contains mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. At the tip of the nerve ending is the presynaptic membrane; facing it, and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft) is a specialized area of membrane on the receiving cell, known as the postsynaptic membrane. In response to the arrival of nerve impulses, the presynaptic nerve ending secretes molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane.

The junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron, muscle fiber or glial cell. As the nerve fiber approaches the synapse it enlarges into a specialized structure, the presynaptic nerve ending, which contains mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. At the tip of the nerve ending is the presynaptic membrane; facing it, and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft) is a specialized area of membrane on the receiving cell, known as the postsynaptic membrane. In response to the arrival of nerve impulses, the presynaptic nerve ending secretes molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane.

A subcompartment of the endoplasmic reticulum consisting of tubules having membranes with high curvature in cross-section.

A subcompartment of the endoplasmic reticulum consisting of tubules having membranes with high curvature in cross-section.

The membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum tubular network.

The membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum tubular network.

A synapse that uses glutamate as a neurotransmitter.

A synapse that uses glutamate as a neurotransmitter.

The component of the postsynaptic density membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.

The component of the postsynaptic density membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.