The last step in the formation of the neural tube, where the paired neural folds are brought together and fuse at the dorsal midline.

The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.

The controlled self-propelled movement of a cell from one site to a destination guided by molecular cues. Cell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms.

The specification and formation of the polarity of a cell along its apical/basal axis.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the apicobasal polarity of an epithelial cell.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle.

The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of a chemical.

Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of an anatomical structure.

Any process that initiates the activity of an inactive GTPase through the replacement of GDP by GTP.

The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II.

A cell cycle process that sets the alignment of mitotic spindle relative to other cellular structures.

The developmental process in which the size or shape of a cell is generated and organized.

The process involved in the specification of cell identity. Once specification has taken place, a cell will be committed to differentiate down a specific pathway if left in its normal environment.

Coordinated organization of groups of cells in the plane of an epithelium, such that they all orient to similar coordinates.

Orientation of hairs in the imaginal disc-derived wing along a proximal-distal axis, such that each cell of the wing produces one wing hair which points in a distal direction.

The morphogenetic process in which the anatomical structures of a polarized epithelium are generated and organized. A polarized epithelium is an epithelium where the epithelial sheet is oriented with respect to the planar axis.

The characteristic movement of an immature neuron from germinal zones to specific positions where they will reside as they mature.

The last step in the formation of the neural tube, where the paired neural folds are brought together and fuse at the dorsal midline.

The last step in the formation of the neural tube, where the paired neural folds are brought together and fuse at the dorsal midline.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor recycling.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor recycling.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vasculature over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The vasculature is an interconnected tubular multi-tissue structure that contains fluid that is actively transported around the organism.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vasculature over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The vasculature is an interconnected tubular multi-tissue structure that contains fluid that is actively transported around the organism.

Any process that alters the size or shape of an auditory receptor cell.

The change in form that occurs when an epithelial cell progresses from its initial formation to its mature state.

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, the oocyte pole plasm. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.

The process during Drosophila embryogenesis whereby the ectodermal cells of the lateral epithelium stretch in a coordinated fashion to internalize the amnioserosa cells and close the embryo dorsally.

The process during Drosophila embryogenesis whereby the ectodermal cells of the lateral epithelium stretch in a coordinated fashion to internalize the amnioserosa cells and close the embryo dorsally.

The process in which the R3/R4 photoreceptors commit to their cell fate. R3 and R4 are paired photoreceptors which contribute the outer rhabdomeres.

The process in which the anatomical structures derived from the wing disc are generated and organized. This includes the transformation of a wing imaginal disc from a monolayered epithelium in the larvae of holometabolous insects into recognizable adult structures including the wing hinge, wing blade and pleura.

The activities involved in the mental information processing system that receives (registers), modifies, stores, and retrieves informational stimuli. The main stages involved in the formation and retrieval of memory are encoding (processing of received information by acquisition), storage (building a permanent record of received information as a result of consolidation) and retrieval (calling back the stored information and use it in a suitable way to execute a given task).

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.

The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.

The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.

The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the Notch signaling pathway.

The formation of the neural tube by coalescence of mesenchymal cells followed by their conversion to epithelial cells to form a solid cord that subsequently hollows out (cavitates) to create a hollow tube. Secondary neurulation is the typical mechanism of formation of the neural tube posterior to the posterior neuropore in mammals.

The process in which synaptic vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes, mediated by molecules at the vesicle membrane and target membrane surfaces.

The process in which the anatomical structures of embryonic epithelia are generated and organized.

The process in which the anatomical structures of embryonic epithelia are generated and organized.

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization of epithelial cells in an embryo.

The process in which the anatomical structures of a follicular epithelium are generated and organized.

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of a polarized follicular epithelial sheet.

The process in which the anatomical structures of a larval imaginal disc epithelium are generated and organized.

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of a polarized larval imaginal disc epithelium.

The controlled self-propelled movement of a cell from one site to a destination guided by molecular cues. Cell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms.

The controlled self-propelled movement of a cell from one site to a destination guided by molecular cues. Cell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms.

The assembly of a septate junction, an intercellular junction found in invertebrate epithelia that is characterized by a ladder like appearance in electron micrographs and thought to provide structural strength and to provide a barrier to diffusion of solutes through the intercellular space.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cochlear nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis.

The process that occurs during oogenesis involving the ovarian follicle cells, somatic cells which surround the germ cells of an ovary. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.

Polarization of the follicle cells of an insect ovary along the anterior/posterior axis.

The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone is directed to a specific target site along the anterior-posterior body axis in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism.

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance polarization of a cell's architecture along its apical/basal axis so that the apical and basal regions of the cell have different membrane, extracellular matrix and sub-membrane cellular components.

The specification and formation of the polarity of a cell along its apical/basal axis.

The specification and formation of the polarity of a cell along its apical/basal axis.

The process in which a post-anal tail is generated and organized. A post-anal tail is a muscular region of the body that extends posterior to the anus. The post-anal tail may aid locomotion and balance.

The process in which a post-anal tail is generated and organized. A post-anal tail is a muscular region of the body that extends posterior to the anus. The post-anal tail may aid locomotion and balance.

The behavior of an organism in response to an odor.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.

The series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.

The specification of polarized ommatidia. Ommatidia occur in two chiral forms. The trapezoidal arrangement of photoreceptors in the dorsal part of the eye is the mirror image of that in the ventral part.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.

The orderly movement of an astrocyte, a class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system, the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord.

The orderly movement of an astrocyte, a class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system, the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord.

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, basal regions of the cell.

Assembly of the zonula adherens, a cell-cell adherens junction which forms a continuous belt near the apex of epithelial cells.

The specification and formation of the apicobasal polarity of an epithelial cell.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of imaginal disc growth.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor signaling via JAK-STAT.

A vesicle-mediated transport process, in which the synaptic vesicle membrane constituents are retrieved from the presynaptic membrane on the axon terminal after neurotransmitter secretion by exocytosis. Synaptic vesicle endocytosis can occur via clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent mechanisms.

A vesicle-mediated transport process, in which the synaptic vesicle membrane constituents are retrieved from the presynaptic membrane on the axon terminal after neurotransmitter secretion by exocytosis. Synaptic vesicle endocytosis can occur via clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent mechanisms.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the compound eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The compound eye is an organ of sight that contains multiple repeating units, often arranged hexagonally. Each unit has its own lens and photoreceptor cell(s) and can generate either a single pixelated image or multiple images, per eye.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a stem cell. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation.

Any process that modulates the physical form or the activity of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell).

The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of a chemical.

The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of a chemical.

Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.

The morphogenetic process in which an epithelium narrows along one axis and lengthens in a perpendicular axis usually resulting in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a stereocilium. A stereocilium is an actin-based protrusion from the apical surface of auditory hair cells.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a stereocilium. A stereocilium is an actin-based protrusion from the apical surface of inner ear receptor cells.

Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of an anatomical structure.

Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of an anatomical structure.

The commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells within a field of cells that will exhibit a certain pattern of differentiation. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a developmental field resulting in specification of a cell type. Those signals are then interpreted in a cell-autonomous manner resulting in the determination of the cell type.

The process in which anatomical structures of the mammary ducts are generated and organized. Mammary ducts are epithelial tubes that transport milk.

The process in which anatomical structures of the mammary ducts are generated and organized. Mammary ducts are epithelial tubes that transport milk.

The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a commissural neuron is directed to its target in the brain in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.

Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained at the adherens junction.

Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained at the adherens junction.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the Malpighian tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A Malpighian tubule is a fine, thin-walled excretory tubule in insects which leads into the posterior part of the gut.

The multiplication or reproduction of stem cells, resulting in the expansion of a stem cell population. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.

Any process that initiates the activity of an inactive GTPase through the replacement of GDP by GTP.

Any process that initiates the activity of an inactive GTPase through the replacement of GDP by GTP.

The orderly movement of a motor neuron from one site to another. A motor neuron is an efferent neuron that passes from the central nervous system or a ganglion toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes movement.

The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules.

The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules.

The directed movement of neurotransmitter receptor from the postsynaptic endosome to the postsynaptic membrane in transport vesicles.

The directed movement of neurotransmitter receptor from the postsynaptic endosome to the postsynaptic membrane in transport vesicles.

The directed movement of neurotransmitter receptor from the postsynaptic endosome to the postsynaptic membrane in transport vesicles.

Vesicle-mediated transport of a neurotransmitter receptor complex from the postsynaptic membrane to the postsynaptic early endosome.

Vesicle-mediated transport of a neurotransmitter receptor complex from the postsynaptic membrane to the postsynaptic early endosome.

Any vesicle-mediated transport that occurs in a synapse

Any vesicle-mediated transport that occurs in a synapse

Any vesicle-mediated transport that occurs in a synapse

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis of neurotransmitter receptor at the postsynapse.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis of neurotransmitter receptor at the postsynapse.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis of neurotransmitter receptor at the postsynapse.

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

A cell junction that forms a connection between two or more cells in a multicellular organism; excludes direct cytoplasmic junctions such as ring canals.

A cell junction that forms a connection between two or more cells in a multicellular organism; excludes direct cytoplasmic junctions such as ring canals.

An adherens junction which connects a cell to another cell.

The region of the plasma membrane that includes the basal end and sides of the cell. Often used in reference to animal polarized epithelial membranes, where the basal membrane is the part attached to the extracellular matrix, or in plant cells, where the basal membrane is defined with respect to the zygotic axis.

That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus.

That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus.

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

A cell junction that forms a connection between two or more cells in a multicellular organism; excludes direct cytoplasmic junctions such as ring canals.

An adherens junction which connects a cell to another cell.

An adherens junction which connects a cell to another cell.

A cell-cell junction that forms a continuous band around each cell in an epithelium; within the septate junction the membranes of adjacent cells maintain a constant distance of approximately 15 nm; found in arthropods.

A cell-cell junction that forms a continuous band around each cell in an epithelium; within the septate junction the membranes of adjacent cells maintain a constant distance of approximately 15 nm; found in arthropods.

A cell-cell junction that forms a continuous band around each cell in an epithelium; within the septate junction the membranes of adjacent cells maintain a constant distance of approximately 15 nm; found in arthropods.

The region of a cell that lies just beneath the plasma membrane and often, but not always, contains a network of actin filaments and associated proteins.

An electron dense network of proteins within and adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane of an asymmetric, neuron-neuron synapse. Its major components include neurotransmitter receptors and the proteins that spatially and functionally organize them such as anchoring and scaffolding molecules, signaling enzymes and cytoskeletal components.

An electron dense network of proteins within and adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane of an asymmetric, neuron-neuron synapse. Its major components include neurotransmitter receptors and the proteins that spatially and functionally organize them such as anchoring and scaffolding molecules, signaling enzymes and cytoskeletal components.

A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it.

The region of the plasma membrane that includes the basal end and sides of the cell. Often used in reference to animal polarized epithelial membranes, where the basal membrane is the part attached to the extracellular matrix, or in plant cells, where the basal membrane is defined with respect to the zygotic axis.

The region of the plasma membrane located at the apical end of the cell.

The apical end of the lateral plasma membrane of epithelial cells.

The portion of the plasma membrane at the lateral side of the cell. In epithelial cells, lateral plasma membranes are on the sides of cells which lie at the interface of adjacent cells.

A cellular component that forms a specialized region of connection between two or more cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix. At a cell junction, anchoring proteins extend through the plasma membrane to link cytoskeletal proteins in one cell to cytoskeletal proteins in neighboring cells or to proteins in the extracellular matrix.

A cellular component that forms a specialized region of connection between two or more cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix. At a cell junction, anchoring proteins extend through the plasma membrane to link cytoskeletal proteins in one cell to cytoskeletal proteins in neighboring cells or to proteins in the extracellular matrix.

The junction between the axon of a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. In response to the arrival of action potentials, the presynaptic button releases molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane of the muscle fiber, leading to a change in post-synaptic potential.

A protein complex that contains the Scribble protein (a cell polarity determinant), the tumor suppressor protein adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), and beta-catenin; may be involved in the control of cell proliferation.

A protein complex that contains the Scribble protein (a cell polarity determinant), the tumor suppressor protein adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), and beta-catenin; may be involved in the control of cell proliferation.

The region of the myelin sheath furthest from the axon.

Extended zone of intimate apposition between two cells containing one or more types of intercellular junctions, e.g., the intercalated disk of muscle.

A large intracellular spectrin-rich structure that has been found in insect germline cells and mammalian hematopoietic cells. The fusome is an elongated, branched structure, formed from the spherical spectrosome organelle.

A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm.

A synapse that uses glutamate as a neurotransmitter.

A synapse that uses glutamate as a neurotransmitter.

A synapse that uses glutamate as a neurotransmitter.

The component of the postsynaptic density membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.

The component of the postsynaptic density membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.

The component of the postsynaptic density membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.

The region of a cell situated by the cell sides which interface adjacent cells and near the base. Often used in reference to animal polarized epithelial cells.