Movement of organelles or other particles along actin filaments, or sliding of actin filaments past each other, mediated by motor proteins.

Movement of organelles or other particles along actin filaments, or sliding of actin filaments past each other, mediated by motor proteins.

The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell.

The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell.

The resolution of the male germline syncytium or cyst into individual gametes by packaging each spermatid into its own plasma membrane.

The specification of the anterior/posterior axis of the embryo by the products of genes expressed maternally and genes expressed in the zygote.

The assembly and arrangement of a rhabdomere within a cell. The rhabdomere is the organelle on the apical surface of a photoreceptor cell that contains the visual pigments.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process in which oskar mRNA is transported to, or maintained in, the oocyte pole plasm.

The directed movement of a mitochondrion along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins.

Movement of a vesicle along an actin filament, mediated by motor proteins.

A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bounded vesicles; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the vesicle membrane. The process begins with a step that directs a substance to the forming vesicle, and includes vesicle budding and coating. Vesicles are then targeted to, and fuse with, an acceptor membrane.

A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bounded vesicles; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the vesicle membrane. The process begins with a step that directs a substance to the forming vesicle, and includes vesicle budding and coating. Vesicles are then targeted to, and fuse with, an acceptor membrane.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin stimulus. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in the plasma membrane.

Any process that modulates the size of a cell.

The process in which the structures of a hair cell (trichome) cell are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized epidermal cell is acquiring the specialized features of a hair cell. An example of this process is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skin over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skin is the external membranous integument of an animal. In vertebrates the skin generally consists of two layers, an outer nonsensitive and nonvascular epidermis (cuticle or skarfskin) composed of cells which are constantly growing and multiplying in the deeper, and being thrown off in the superficial layers, as well as an inner vascular dermis (cutis, corium or true skin) composed mostly of connective tissue.

The transport of a virus between adjacent cells in a multicellular organism.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gynoecium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The gynoecium is the collective name for the carpels of a flower.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the digestive tract are generated and organized. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed.

Any process in which the Golgi is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.

The progression of an axon over time. Covers axonogenesis (de novo generation of an axon) and axon regeneration (regrowth), as well as processes pertaining to the progression of the axon over time (fasciculation and defasciculation).

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an leaf pavement cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a leaf pavement cell fate.

Any process in which lipids are taken up from the contents of the intestine.

The distribution of mitochondria, including the mitochondrial genome, into daughter cells after mitosis or meiosis, mediated by interactions between mitochondria and the cytoskeleton.

The distribution of mitochondria, including the mitochondrial genome, into daughter cells after mitosis or meiosis, mediated by interactions between mitochondria and the cytoskeleton.

The distribution of mitochondria, including the mitochondrial genome, into daughter cells after mitosis or meiosis, mediated by interactions between mitochondria and the cytoskeleton.

The distribution of vacuoles into daughter cells after mitosis or meiosis, mediated by interactions between vacuoles and the cytoskeleton.

The distribution of vacuoles into daughter cells after mitosis or meiosis, mediated by interactions between vacuoles and the cytoskeleton.

The distribution of vacuoles into daughter cells after mitosis or meiosis, mediated by interactions between vacuoles and the cytoskeleton.

A cell cycle process that sets the alignment of mitotic spindle relative to other cellular structures.

A cell cycle process that sets the alignment of mitotic spindle relative to other cellular structures.

The developmental process in which the size or shape of a cell is generated and organized.

The initial attachment of a vesicle membrane to a target membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane of the vesicle and the target membrane, that contributes to exocytosis.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments. Includes processes that control the spatial distribution of actin filaments, such as organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking.

The directed movement of the nucleus to a specific location within a cell.

Any process involved in the net addition of membrane at the site of cytokinesis; includes vesicle recruitment and fusion, local lipid synthesis and insertion.

Any process involved in the net addition of membrane at the site of cytokinesis; includes vesicle recruitment and fusion, local lipid synthesis and insertion.

Growth at the tip of a bud, in a cell that reproduces by budding.

The conversion of a single-cell organism from one mating type to another by the precise replacement of a DNA sequence at the expressed mating type locus with a copy of a sequence from a donor locus.

Any process in which mRNA is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.

Any process in which mRNA is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure. See embryonic development.

The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size in one

The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size in one

Growth of pollen via tip extension of the intine wall.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the fruit over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The fruit is a reproductive body of a seed plant.

The directed movement of substances mediated by an endosome, a membrane-bounded organelle that carries materials enclosed in the lumen or located in the endosomal membrane.

Movement of organelles or other particles along actin filaments, or sliding of actin filaments past each other, mediated by motor proteins.

Growth of fungi as threadlike, tubular structures that may contain multiple nuclei and may or may not be divided internally by septa, or cross-walls.

Any process in which a secretory granule is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.

The directed movement of a secretory granule to a specific location.

The accumulation of pigment in an organism, tissue or cell, either by increased deposition or by increased number of cells.

The acquisition of peroxisomes by daughter cells from the mother cell after replication. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the number of peroxisomes cells is fairly constant; a subset of the organelles are targeted and segregated to the bud in a highly ordered, vectorial process. Efficient segregation of peroxisomes from mother to bud is dependent on the actin cytoskeleton, and active movement of peroxisomes along actin filaments is driven by the class V myosin motor protein, Myo2p.

The acquisition of peroxisomes by daughter cells from the mother cell after replication. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the number of peroxisomes cells is fairly constant; a subset of the organelles are targeted and segregated to the bud in a highly ordered, vectorial process. Efficient segregation of peroxisomes from mother to bud is dependent on the actin cytoskeleton, and active movement of peroxisomes along actin filaments is driven by the class V myosin motor protein, Myo2p.

The partitioning of endoplasmic reticulum between daughter cells at cell division.

The partitioning of Golgi apparatus between daughter cells at cell division.

The process in which the root hair grows longer.

The process resulting in division and partitioning of components of a cell to form more cells; may or may not be accompanied by the physical separation of a cell into distinct, individually membrane-bounded daughter cells.

Any process in which an organelle is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.

Any process in which a mitochondrion or mitochondria are transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.

Any process in which a peroxisome is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location. A peroxisome is a small membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules.

A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an actin filament bundle.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a formin-nucleated actin cable. A formin-nucleated actin cable is an actin filament bundle that consists of short filaments organized into bundles of uniform polarity, and is nucleated by formins.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane.

A cell cycle process that results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after mitosis, resulting in the separation of the original cell into two daughter cells.

The process in which precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a hematopoietic progenitor cell, a class of cell types including myeloid progenitor cells and lymphoid progenitor cells.

Renal process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of water in the body.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving melanins, pigments largely of animal origin. High molecular weight polymers of indole quinone, they are irregular polymeric structures and are divided into three groups: allomelanins in the plant kingdom and eumelanins and phaeomelanins in the animal kingdom.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving melanins, pigments largely of animal origin. High molecular weight polymers of indole quinone, they are irregular polymeric structures and are divided into three groups: allomelanins in the plant kingdom and eumelanins and phaeomelanins in the animal kingdom.

A process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle. Exocytosis can occur either by full fusion, when the vesicle collapses into the plasma membrane, or by a kiss-and-run mechanism that involves the formation of a transient contact, a pore, between a granule (for exemple of chromaffin cells) and the plasma membrane. The latter process most of the time leads to only partial secretion of the granule content. Exocytosis begins with steps that prepare vesicles for fusion with the membrane (tethering and docking) and ends when molecules are secreted from the cell.

A process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle. Exocytosis can occur either by full fusion, when the vesicle collapses into the plasma membrane, or by a kiss-and-run mechanism that involves the formation of a transient contact, a pore, between a granule (for exemple of chromaffin cells) and the plasma membrane. The latter process most of the time leads to only partial secretion of the granule content. Exocytosis begins with steps that prepare vesicles for fusion with the membrane (tethering and docking) and ends when molecules are secreted from the cell.

The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to other parts of the cell, including organelles and the plasma membrane, mediated by small transport vesicles.

The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to other parts of the cell, including organelles and the plasma membrane, mediated by small transport vesicles.

A vesicle-mediated transport process that results in the engulfment of external particulate material by phagocytes and their delivery to the lysosome. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleus.

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.

The vesicular release of classical neurotransmitter molecules from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of neurotransmitter receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.

The vesicular release of classical neurotransmitter molecules from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of neurotransmitter receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.

The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image.

The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image.

The physiological and developmental changes that occur in a spore following release from dormancy up to the earliest signs of growth (e.g. emergence from a spore wall).

The process in which the structures of a hair cell (trichome) cell are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized epidermal cell is acquiring the specialized features of a hair cell. An example of this process is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Any process involved in the formation of branches in plant hair cells. An example of this process is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.

The directed movement of proteins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of proteins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bounded vesicles; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the vesicle membrane. The process begins with a step that directs a substance to the forming vesicle, and includes vesicle budding and coating. Vesicles are then targeted to, and fuse with, an acceptor membrane.

The directed movement of substances mediated by an endosome, a membrane-bounded organelle that carries materials enclosed in the lumen or located in the endosomal membrane.

The directed movement of substances mediated by an endosome, a membrane-bounded organelle that carries materials enclosed in the lumen or located in the endosomal membrane.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis.

Movement of organelles or other particles along actin filaments, or sliding of actin filaments past each other, mediated by motor proteins.

Movement of organelles or other particles along actin filaments, or sliding of actin filaments past each other, mediated by motor proteins.

Movement of a vesicle along an actin filament, mediated by motor proteins.

Movement of a vesicle along an actin filament, mediated by motor proteins.

The regulated release of proinsulin from secretory granules accompanied by cleavage of proinsulin to form mature insulin. In vertebrates, insulin is secreted from B granules in the B cells of the vertebrate pancreas and from insulin-producing cells in insects.

The regulated release of proinsulin from secretory granules accompanied by cleavage of proinsulin to form mature insulin. In vertebrates, insulin is secreted from B granules in the B cells of the vertebrate pancreas and from insulin-producing cells in insects.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a melanocyte.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a melanocyte.

The process in which a multicellular organism, a unicellular organism or a group of unicellular organisms grow in a threadlike, filamentous shape.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in dynamic structural changes to the arrangement of constituent parts of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive calcium-release channel.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive calcium-release channel.

The attachment of a cell to the underlying substrate via adhesion molecules.

Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another in a behavioral context; the aspect of locomotory behavior having to do with movement.

Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another in a behavioral context; the aspect of locomotory behavior having to do with movement.

Any process in which a secretory granule is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.

Any process in which a secretory granule is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.

Any process in which a secretory granule is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.

Any process in which a melanosome is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.

Any process in which a melanosome is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.

The directed movement of melanosomes into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of melanosomes into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of melanosomes into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin stimulus. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.

The sliding movement of actin thin filaments and myosin thick filaments past each other.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism.

The process in which a group of unicellular organisms grow in a threadlike, filamentous shape in response to an increase in temperature.

The process in which a cell switches from growing as a round budding cell to growing as a filament (elongated cells attached end-to-end). An example of this is the yeast-hyphal transition of Candida albicans.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of melanins, pigments largely of animal origin. High molecular weight polymers of indole quinone, they are irregular polymeric structures and are divided into three groups: allomelanins in the plant kingdom and eumelanins and phaeomelanins in the animal kingdom.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of melanins, pigments largely of animal origin. High molecular weight polymers of indole quinone, they are irregular polymeric structures and are divided into three groups: allomelanins in the plant kingdom and eumelanins and phaeomelanins in the animal kingdom.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tooth or teeth over time, from formation to the mature structure(s). A tooth is any hard bony, calcareous, or chitinous organ found in the mouth or pharynx of an animal and used in procuring or masticating food.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tooth or teeth over time, from formation to the mature structure(s). A tooth is any hard bony, calcareous, or chitinous organ found in the mouth or pharynx of an animal and used in procuring or masticating food.

The process in which myelin sheaths are formed and maintained around neurons. Oligodendrocytes in the brain and spinal cord and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system wrap axons with compact layers of their plasma membrane. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier.

The process in which myelin sheaths are formed and maintained around neurons. Oligodendrocytes in the brain and spinal cord and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system wrap axons with compact layers of their plasma membrane. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of long-chain fatty acids, any fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of long-chain fatty acids, any fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.

The accumulation of pigment in an organism, tissue or cell, either by increased deposition or by increased number of cells.

The accumulation of pigment in an organism, tissue or cell, either by increased deposition or by increased number of cells.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension.

The assembly of a filopodium, a thin, stiff protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal growth cone.

The developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism, tissue or cell.

The developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism, tissue or cell.

The process in which the root hair grows longer.

Localized growth of a plant root hair tip by extension of the cell wall.

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a hair follicle to attain its fully functional state.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite morphogenesis.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite morphogenesis.

Any process that modulates the frequency or amplitude of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. Amplitude, in this case, refers to the change in postsynaptic membrane potential due to a single instance of synaptic transmission.

Any process that modulates the frequency or amplitude of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. Amplitude, in this case, refers to the change in postsynaptic membrane potential due to a single instance of synaptic transmission.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell).

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell).

Any process in which endoplasmic reticulum is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.

Any process in which endoplasmic reticulum is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.

Any process in which a mitochondrion or mitochondria are transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.

Any process in which a peroxisome is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location. A peroxisome is a small membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules.

A second wave of blood cell production that, in vertebrates, generates long-term hemopoietic stem cells that continously provide erythroid, myeloid and lymphoid lineages throughout adulthood.

The process in which the anatomical structures of a dendritic spine are generated and organized. A dendritic spine is a protrusion from a dendrite and a specialized subcellular compartment involved in synaptic transmission.

The process in which the anatomical structures of a dendritic spine are generated and organized. A dendritic spine is a protrusion from a dendrite and a specialized subcellular compartment involved in synaptic transmission.

A process of actin filament bundle distribution that results in the arrangement of actin filament bundles from the periphery toward the interior of the cell.

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of a polarized intracellular organization or cell growth patterns that regulate the shape of a cell.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in the plasma membrane.

Any vesicle-mediated transport that occurs in a synapse

Any vesicle-mediated transport that occurs in a synapse

Any vesicle-mediated transport that occurs in a synapse

The directed movement of endoplasmic reticulum into a postsynaptic compartment such as a dendritic spine.

The directed movement of endoplasmic reticulum into a postsynaptic compartment such as a dendritic spine.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of modification of postsynaptic structure.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of modification of postsynaptic structure.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of modification of postsynaptic structure.

Any process that regulates the concentration of calcium in the postsynaptic cytosol.

Any process that regulates the concentration of calcium in the postsynaptic cytosol.

The directed movement of neurotransmitter receptor from the endosome to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles.

The directed movement of neurotransmitter receptor from the endosome to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles.

The directed movement of neurotransmitter receptor from the endosome to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles.

The directed movement of proteins along microtubules in neuron projections.

The directed movement of proteins along microtubules in neuron projections.

The directed movement of the contractile vacuole to a specific location.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to insulin stimulus.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to insulin stimulus.

Any actomyosin contractile ring assembly that is involved in mitotic cytokinesis.

Any actin filament bundle convergence that is involved in mitotic actomyosin contractile ring assembly.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of exosomal secretion.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of exosomal secretion.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within an actin fusion focus.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within an actin fusion focus.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glycine stimulus.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, the cell cortex of the cell tip.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of establishment or maintenance of cell polarity regulating cell shape.

A protein complex, formed of one or more myosin heavy chains plus associated light chains and other proteins, that functions as a molecular motor; uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to move actin filaments or to move vesicles or other cargo on fixed actin filaments; has magnesium-ATPase activity and binds actin. Myosin classes are distinguished based on sequence features of the motor, or head, domain, but also have distinct tail regions that are believed to bind specific cargoes.

The portion of a neuron that includes the nucleus, but excludes cell projections such as axons and dendrites.

The specialized microvilli-containing organelle on the apical surfaces of a photoreceptor cell containing the visual pigment rhodopsin and most of the proteins involved in phototransduction.

A myosin complex containing a dimer of class V myosin heavy chains and associated light chains; involved in intracellular transport. Myosin V is a dimeric molecule consisting of conserved motor domains followed by 6 IQ motifs which bind specific light chains and calmodulin. The tail domain is important for cellular localization and cargo binding and can be divided into an alpha-helical coiled coil region and a C-terminal globular region.

A two-stranded helical polymer of the protein actin.

The end of a cellular bud distal to the site of attachment to the mother cell.

A small membrane-bounded vesicle that releases its contents by exocytosis in response to insulin stimulation; the contents are enriched in GLUT4, IRAP and VAMP2.

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

Any of the vesicles of the constitutive secretory pathway, which carry cargo from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi, between Golgi cisternae, from the Golgi to the ER (retrograde transport) or to destinations within or outside the cell.

A small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion. Secretory granules move towards the periphery of the cell and upon stimulation, their membranes fuse with the cell membrane, and their protein load is exteriorized. Processing of the contained protein may take place in secretory granules.

A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm.

A synapse between the Schaffer collateral axon of a CA3 pyramidal cell and a CA1 pyramidal cell.

A synapse between the Schaffer collateral axon of a CA3 pyramidal cell and a CA1 pyramidal cell.

A synapse that uses glutamate as a neurotransmitter.

A synapse that uses glutamate as a neurotransmitter.

The portion of the budding yeast plasma membrane where a daughter cell will emerge. The yeast marks this spot with bud-site selection proteins before bud emergence occurs. Actin is polarized to this spot just prior to and during bud emergence.

The lipid bilayer surrounding a vacuole, the shape of which correlates with cell cycle phase. The membrane separates its contents from the cytoplasm of the cell. An example of this structure is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration.

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

A protuberance from a cell of an organism that reproduces by budding, which will grow larger and become a separate daughter cell after nuclear division, cytokinesis, and cell wall formation (when appropriate). The daughter cell may completely separate from the mother cell, or the mother and daughter cells may remain associated.

The constriction between the mother cell and daughter cell (bud) in an organism that reproduces by budding.

A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it.

A small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion. Secretory granules move towards the periphery of the cell and upon stimulation, their membranes fuse with the cell membrane, and their protein load is exteriorized. Processing of the contained protein may take place in secretory granules.

Structure within the hyphal tip of filamentous fungi that acts as an organizing center for hyphal tip growth; may function to supply vesicles to the elongating tip and/or to organize cytoskeletal microfilaments.

Any small, fluid-filled, spherical organelle enclosed by membrane.

The eventual plane of cell division (also known as cell cleavage or cytokinesis) in a dividing cell. In Eukaryotes, the cleavage apparatus, composed of septin structures and the actomyosin contractile ring, forms along this plane, and the mitotic, or meiotic, spindle is aligned perpendicular to the division plane. In bacteria, the cell division site is generally located at mid-cell and is the site at which the cytoskeletal structure, the Z-ring, assembles.

An assembly of actin filaments that are on the same axis but may be oriented with the same or opposite polarities and may be packed with different levels of tightness.

A tissue-specific, membrane-bounded cytoplasmic organelle within which melanin pigments are synthesized and stored. Melanosomes are synthesized in melanocyte cells.

Any complex of actin, myosin, and accessory proteins.

A prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite.

A prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite.

The portion of a neuron that includes the nucleus, but excludes cell projections such as axons and dendrites.

The apex of the mating projection in unicellular fungi exposed to mating pheromone; site of polarized growth.

The apex of the mating projection in unicellular fungi exposed to mating pheromone; site of polarized growth.

The region that lies just beneath the plasma membrane on the apical edge of a cell.

A protein complex that is involved in transport of vacuoles to a newly formed daughter cell. In yeast, this complex is composed of Myo2p, Vac17p, and Vac8p.

A synapse between the Schaffer collateral axon of a CA3 pyramidal cell and a CA1 pyramidal cell.

The actin cytoskeleton that is part of a postsynapse

The actin cytoskeleton that is part of a postsynapse

A synapse that uses glutamate as a neurotransmitter.

A focus at the mating projection tip where the cell wall is degraded during conjugation with cellular fusion. Actin filaments form an aster-like structure from this location.

A specialized vacuole of eukaryotic cells, especially Protozoa, that fills with water from the cytoplasm and then discharges this externally by the opening of contractile vacuole pores. Its function is probably osmoregulatory.

Projection at the leading edge of a crawling cell; the protrusions are supported by a microfilament meshwork.

Projection at the leading edge of a crawling cell; the protrusions are supported by a microfilament meshwork.

The outer segment of a vertebrate photoreceptor that contains a stack of membrane discs embedded with photoreceptor proteins.

The outer segment of a vertebrate photoreceptor that contains a stack of membrane discs embedded with photoreceptor proteins.

An invagination of the cell membrane formed by an actin dependent process during phagocytosis. Following internalization it is converted into a phagosome.

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

A closed structure, found only in eukaryotic cells, that is completely surrounded by unit membrane and contains liquid material. Cells contain one or several vacuoles, that may have different functions from each other. Vacuoles have a diverse array of functions. They can act as a storage organelle for nutrients or waste products, as a degradative compartment, as a cost-effective way of increasing cell size, and as a homeostatic regulator controlling both turgor pressure and pH of the cytosol.

A small organelle enclosed by a single membrane, and found in most eukaryotic cells. Contains peroxidases and other enzymes involved in a variety of metabolic processes including free radical detoxification, lipid catabolism and biosynthesis, and hydrogen peroxide metabolism.

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER or SER) has no ribosomes attached to it. The smooth ER is the recipient of the proteins synthesized in the rough ER. Those proteins to be exported are passed to the Golgi complex, the resident proteins are returned to the rough ER and the lysosomal proteins after phosphorylation of their mannose residues are passed to the lysosomes. Glycosylation of the glycoproteins also continues. The smooth ER is the site of synthesis of lipids, including the phospholipids. The membranes of the smooth ER also contain enzymes that catalyze a series of reactions to detoxify both lipid-soluble drugs and harmful products of metabolism. Large quantities of certain compounds such as phenobarbital cause an increase in the amount of the smooth ER.

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER or SER) has no ribosomes attached to it. The smooth ER is the recipient of the proteins synthesized in the rough ER. Those proteins to be exported are passed to the Golgi complex, the resident proteins are returned to the rough ER and the lysosomal proteins after phosphorylation of their mannose residues are passed to the lysosomes. Glycosylation of the glycoproteins also continues. The smooth ER is the site of synthesis of lipids, including the phospholipids. The membranes of the smooth ER also contain enzymes that catalyze a series of reactions to detoxify both lipid-soluble drugs and harmful products of metabolism. Large quantities of certain compounds such as phenobarbital cause an increase in the amount of the smooth ER.

A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions.

A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions.

A cytoskeletal structure composed of actin filaments and myosin that forms beneath the plasma membrane of many cells, including animal cells and yeast cells, in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the spindle, i.e. the cell division plane. In animal cells, the contractile ring is located at the cleavage furrow. In budding fungal cells, e.g. mitotic S. cerevisiae cells, the contractile ring forms at the mother-bud neck before mitosis.

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

A cytoskeletal structure that forms a distinct elongated structure, characteristically 10 nm in diameter, that occurs in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Intermediate filaments form a fibrous system, composed of chemically heterogeneous subunits and involved in mechanically integrating the various components of the cytoplasmic space. Intermediate filaments may be divided into five chemically distinct classes: Type I, acidic keratins; Type II, basic keratins; Type III, including desmin, vimentin and others; Type IV, neurofilaments and related filaments; and Type V, lamins.

A cytoskeletal structure that forms a distinct elongated structure, characteristically 10 nm in diameter, that occurs in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Intermediate filaments form a fibrous system, composed of chemically heterogeneous subunits and involved in mechanically integrating the various components of the cytoplasmic space. Intermediate filaments may be divided into five chemically distinct classes: Type I, acidic keratins; Type II, basic keratins; Type III, including desmin, vimentin and others; Type IV, neurofilaments and related filaments; and Type V, lamins.

The dense covering of microvilli on the apical surface of a epithelial cells in tissues such as the intestine, kidney, and choroid plexus; the microvilli aid absorption by increasing the surface area of the cell.

A secretory organelle, typically 50 nm in diameter, of presynaptic nerve terminals; accumulates in high concentrations of neurotransmitters and secretes these into the synaptic cleft by fusion with the 'active zone' of the presynaptic plasma membrane.

A secretory organelle, typically 50 nm in diameter, of presynaptic nerve terminals; accumulates in high concentrations of neurotransmitters and secretes these into the synaptic cleft by fusion with the 'active zone' of the presynaptic plasma membrane.

A fine cytoplasmic channel, found in all higher plants, that connects the cytoplasm of one cell to that of an adjacent cell.

A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it.

A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it.

A protein complex, formed of one or more myosin heavy chains plus associated light chains and other proteins, that functions as a molecular motor; uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to move actin filaments or to move vesicles or other cargo on fixed actin filaments; has magnesium-ATPase activity and binds actin. Myosin classes are distinguished based on sequence features of the motor, or head, domain, but also have distinct tail regions that are believed to bind specific cargoes.

A protein complex, formed of one or more myosin heavy chains plus associated light chains and other proteins, that functions as a molecular motor; uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to move actin filaments or to move vesicles or other cargo on fixed actin filaments; has magnesium-ATPase activity and binds actin. Myosin classes are distinguished based on sequence features of the motor, or head, domain, but also have distinct tail regions that are believed to bind specific cargoes.

A portmanteau term for myosins other than myosin II.

A portmanteau term for myosins other than myosin II.

A small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion. Secretory granules move towards the periphery of the cell and upon stimulation, their membranes fuse with the cell membrane, and their protein load is exteriorized. Processing of the contained protein may take place in secretory granules.

Thin, stiff, actin-based protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal or dendritic growth cone, or a dendritic shaft.

The long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminals and varicosities, which are sites of storage and release of neurotransmitter.

The long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminals and varicosities, which are sites of storage and release of neurotransmitter.

A neuron projection that has a short, tapering, morphology. Dendrites receive and integrate signals from other neurons or from sensory stimuli, and conduct nerve impulses towards the axon or the cell body. In most neurons, the impulse is conveyed from dendrites to axon via the cell body, but in some types of unipolar neuron, the impulse does not travel via the cell body.

A neuron projection that has a short, tapering, morphology. Dendrites receive and integrate signals from other neurons or from sensory stimuli, and conduct nerve impulses towards the axon or the cell body. In most neurons, the impulse is conveyed from dendrites to axon via the cell body, but in some types of unipolar neuron, the impulse does not travel via the cell body.

The migrating motile tip of a growing neuron projection, where actin accumulates, and the actin cytoskeleton is the most dynamic.

An endocytic patch that consists of an actin-containing structure found at the plasma membrane in cells; formed of networks of branched actin filaments that lie just beneath the plasma membrane and assemble, move, and disassemble rapidly. An example of this is the actin cortical patch found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The lipid bilayer surrounding a cytoplasmic vesicle.

A medial cortical band overlaying the nucleus which acts as a landmark for contractile ring positioning and plays a role in cell cycle regulation.

The area of a motile cell closest to the direction of movement.

Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the nucleus and form the nuclear envelope; excludes the intermembrane space.

The eventual plane of cell division (also known as cell cleavage or cytokinesis) in a dividing cell. In Eukaryotes, the cleavage apparatus, composed of septin structures and the actomyosin contractile ring, forms along this plane, and the mitotic, or meiotic, spindle is aligned perpendicular to the division plane. In bacteria, the cell division site is generally located at mid-cell and is the site at which the cytoskeletal structure, the Z-ring, assembles.

The end of a filopodium distal to the body of the cell.

The end of a filopodium distal to the body of the cell.

A small membrane-bounded vesicle that releases its contents by exocytosis in response to insulin stimulation; the contents are enriched in GLUT4, IRAP and VAMP2.

A stable assembly of two or more macromolecules, i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids, in which at least one component is a protein and the constituent parts function together.

A stable assembly of two or more macromolecules, i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids, in which at least one component is a protein and the constituent parts function together.

The tip portion of an outgrowth of a root epidermal cell.

A tissue-specific, membrane-bounded cytoplasmic organelle within which melanin pigments are synthesized and stored. Melanosomes are synthesized in melanocyte cells.

A tissue-specific, membrane-bounded cytoplasmic organelle within which melanin pigments are synthesized and stored. Melanosomes are synthesized in melanocyte cells.

Any complex of actin, myosin, and accessory proteins.

The myosin part of any complex of actin, myosin, and accessory proteins.

The myosin part of any complex of actin, myosin, and accessory proteins.

A prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite.

The portion of a neuron that includes the nucleus, but excludes cell projections such as axons and dendrites.

A small, membranous protrusion from a dendrite that forms a postsynaptic compartment - typically receiving input from a single presynapse. They function as partially isolated biochemical and an electrical compartments. Spine morphology is variable including \thin\, \stubby\, \mushroom\, and \branched\, with a continuum of intermediate morphologies. They typically terminate in a bulb shape, linked to the dendritic shaft by a restriction. Spine remodeling is though to be involved in synaptic plasticity.

A small, membranous protrusion from a dendrite that forms a postsynaptic compartment - typically receiving input from a single presynapse. They function as partially isolated biochemical and an electrical compartments. Spine morphology is variable including \thin\, \stubby\, \mushroom\, and \branched\, with a continuum of intermediate morphologies. They typically terminate in a bulb shape, linked to the dendritic shaft by a restriction. Spine remodeling is though to be involved in synaptic plasticity.

The region that lies just beneath the plasma membrane on the apical edge of a cell.

The region that lies just beneath the plasma membrane on the apical edge of a cell.

Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus.

Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus.

The region directly beneath the plasma membrane at the cell tip. The cell tip is the region at either end of the longest axis of a cylindrical or elongated cell.

The region at the end of the longest axis of a cylindrical or elongated cell.

The region at the end of the longest axis of a cylindrical or elongated cell.

An organelle consisting of a network of tubules that functions in targeting molecules, such as receptors transporters and lipids, to the plasma membrane.

An organelle consisting of a network of tubules that functions in targeting molecules, such as receptors transporters and lipids, to the plasma membrane.

An actin filament bundle that consists of short filaments organized into bundles of uniform polarity, and is nucleated by formins. In fungal cells, myosin motors transport cargo along actin cables toward sites of polarized cell growth; actin cables may play a similar role in pollen tube growth.

A region of the cell cortex that contains a higher concentration of growth polarity factors than the surrounding cortex and that changes position over time. An example is found in fission yeast cells during early mating, in which the GTPase Cdc42 dynamically to discrete zones within the cortex prior to shmoo formation.

The region directly beneath the plasma membrane of the lateral portion of the cell.

The part of a synapse that is part of the post-synaptic cell.

The part of a synapse that is part of the post-synaptic cell.

The actin cytoskeleton that is part of a postsynapse

The lipid bilayer surrounding a postsynaptic recycling endosome.

The lipid bilayer surrounding a postsynaptic recycling endosome.

The lipid bilayer surrounding a postsynaptic recycling endosome.

The region of the actomyosin ring adjacent to the plasma membrane where membrane bound scaffolds are located.

Any cell cortex that is part of a growing cell tip.

A macromolecular complex containing both protein and RNA molecules.

A macromolecular complex containing both protein and RNA molecules.