A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of extracellular ligand to an integrin on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

The self-renewing division of a stem cell. A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell, in the embryo or adult, that can undergo unlimited division and give rise to one or several different cell types.

The first few specialized divisions of an activated animal egg.

Addition of multiple ubiquitin groups to a protein, forming a ubiquitin chain.

The process in which one or more ubiquitin groups are added to a protein.

The mitotic cell cycle transition by which a cell in G1 commits to S phase. The process begins with the build up of G1 cyclin-dependent kinase (G1 CDK), resulting in the activation of transcription of G1 cyclins. The process ends with the positive feedback of the G1 cyclins on the G1 CDK which commits the cell to S phase, in which DNA replication is initiated.

An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a MAPK, a MAPKK and a MAP3K. The cascade can also contain an additional tiers: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinase in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin group, or multiple ubiquitin groups, to the protein.

Addition of a single ubiquitin group to a protein.

The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi.

The cell cycle process in which chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate, a plane halfway between the poles of the mitotic spindle, during mitosis.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation.

The controlled self-propelled movement of a cell from one site to a destination guided by molecular cues. Cell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, with ubiquitin-protein ligation catalyzed by the anaphase-promoting complex, and mediated by the proteasome.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of ubiquitin groups to a protein.

Any process that decreases the stability of a protein, making it more vulnerable to degradative processes or aggregation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell, and its separation into two daughter cells.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a stress fiber. A stress fiber is a contractile actin filament bundle that consists of short actin filaments with alternating polarity.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome.

The process of covalently altering one or more amino acids in a protein after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase during mitosis, triggered by the activation of the anaphase promoting complex by Cdc20/Sleepy homolog which results in the degradation of Securin.

The addition of COPII proteins and adaptor proteins to ER membranes during the formation of transport vesicles, forming a vesicle coat.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of misfolded proteins via a mechanism in which the proteins are transported to the nucleus for ubiquitination, and then targeted to proteasomes for degradation.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin, the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes.

A series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of an intracellular signal (e.g. DNA damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress etc.), and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. The intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway is crucially regulated by permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOMP).

Addition of a single ubiquitin group to a protein.

The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome.

The addition of COPII proteins and adaptor proteins to ER membranes during the formation of transport vesicles, forming a vesicle coat.

The cell cycle process in which chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate, a plane halfway between the poles of the mitotic spindle, during mitosis.

The controlled self-propelled movement of a cell from one site to a destination guided by molecular cues. Cell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms.

The process in which one or more ubiquitin groups are added to a protein.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a stress fiber. A stress fiber is a contractile actin filament bundle that consists of short actin filaments with alternating polarity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase during mitosis, triggered by the activation of the anaphase promoting complex by Cdc20/Sleepy homolog which results in the degradation of Securin.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin group, or multiple ubiquitin groups, to the protein.

The process in which one or more ubiquitin groups are added to a protein.

Addition of multiple ubiquitin groups to a protein, forming a ubiquitin chain.

The process in which one or more ubiquitin groups are added to a protein.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell, and its separation into two daughter cells.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of misfolded proteins via a mechanism in which the proteins are transported to the nucleus for ubiquitination, and then targeted to proteasomes for degradation.

The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway.

Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme cysteine-type endopeptidase in the context of an apoptotic process.

The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis.

The resolution of the male germline syncytium or cyst into individual gametes by packaging each spermatid into its own plasma membrane.

Amplification by up to 60-fold of the loci containing the chorion gene clusters. Amplification is necessary for the rapid synthesis of chorion proteins by the follicle cells, and occurs by repeated firing of one or more origins located within each gene cluster.

De novo generation of a long process of a neuron, including the terminal branched region. Refers to the morphogenesis or creation of shape or form of the developing axon, which carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of sensory organs over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the imaginal disc-derived wing are generated and organized. The wing is an appendage modified for flying.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a red or far red light stimulus. Red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength of 580-700nm. Far red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 700-800nm. An example of this response is seen at the beginning of many plant species developmental stages. These include germination, and the point when cotyledon expansion is triggered. In certain species these processes take place in response to absorption of red light by the pigment molecule phytochrome, but the signal can be reversed by exposure to far red light. During the initial phase the phytochrome molecule is only present in the red light absorbing form, but on absorption of red light it changes to a far red light absorbing form, triggering progress through development. An immediate short period of exposure to far red light entirely returns the pigment to its initial state and prevents triggering of the developmental process. A thirty minute break between red and subsequent far red light exposure renders the red light effect irreversible, and development then occurs regardless of whether far red light exposure subsequently occurs.

The control of plant growth, development, and differentiation by the duration and nature of light, independent of photosynthesis.

A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a hormone.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the flower over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The flower is the reproductive structure in a plant, and its development begins with the transition of the vegetative or inflorescence meristem into a floral meristem.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of flower development.

Any process that stops, reduces or prevents photomorphogenesis.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the fruit over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The fruit is a reproductive body of a seed plant.

The process in which a change in the level of a mono- or disaccharide such as glucose, fructose or sucrose triggers the expression of genes controlling metabolic and developmental processes.

Any process in which an organism enters and maintains a periodic, readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity. Usually accompanied by physical relaxation, the onset of sleep in humans and other mammals is marked by a change in the electrical activity of the brain.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sleep; a readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity that occurs periodically in many animals.

The rhythm of the locomotor activity of an organism during its 24 hour activity cycle.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smoothened signaling.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the leaf over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the shoot system over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

A change from vegetative to reproductive phase as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a period of light that falls short of the critical day length. The critical day length varies between species. Although the term is short-day is used, most species actually respond to the duration of the night, so that the response will occur when a period of darkness exceeds the number of hours defined by 24 minus the critical day length.

The process in which the anatomical structures of a dendrite are generated and organized.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cotyledon over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cotyledon is the modified leaf (seed leaf), found as part of the embryo in plant seeds. It is involved in either storage or absorption of food reserves. Dicotyledonous seeds contain two cotyledons, while monocotyledonous seeds contain only one. The cotyledons may appear above ground and show photosynthetic activity in the seedling.

The production of new individuals that contain some portion of genetic material inherited from one or more parent organisms.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II.

Addition of multiple ubiquitin groups to a protein, forming a ubiquitin chain.

Progression through the phases of the mitotic cell cycle, the most common eukaryotic cell cycle, which canonically comprises four successive phases called G1, S, G2, and M and includes replication of the genome and the subsequent segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells. In some variant cell cycles nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division, or G1 and G2 phases may be absent.

The developmental process in which the size or shape of a cell is generated and organized.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.

The morphogenesis of trophectoderm cells.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nematode larva over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Nematode larval development begins with the newly hatched first-stage larva (L1) and ends with the end of the last larval stage (for example the fourth larval stage (L4) in C. elegans). Each stage of nematode larval development is characterized by proliferation of specific cell lineages and an increase in body size without alteration of the basic body plan. Nematode larval stages are separated by molts in which each stage-specific exoskeleton, or cuticle, is shed and replaced anew.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin group, or multiple ubiquitin groups, to the protein.

Addition of a single ubiquitin group to a protein.

The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi.

The cell cycle process in which chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate, a plane halfway between the poles of the mitotic spindle, during mitosis.

A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of extracellular ligand to an integrin on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a pole cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an immature germ cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure (gamete). A germ cell is any reproductive cell in a multicellular organism.

Construction of a stage-1 egg chamber in the anterior part of the germarium, from the progeny of germ-line and somatic stem cells. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.

Growth of the egg chamber between the time it leaves the germarium and the onset of vitellogenesis. During this time both nurse cells and the oocyte undergo developmental changes including nuclear organization and cytoplasmic growth. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.

A complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. The details of gastrulation vary from species to species, but usually result in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a neuromuscular junction.

The control of viability and duration in the adult phase of the life-cycle.

Any process that modulates the size of a cell.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic growth at neuromuscular junctions.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo over time, from zygote formation until the end of the embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic life stage is organism-specific and may be somewhat arbitrary; for mammals it is usually considered to be birth, for insects the hatching of the first instar larva from the eggshell.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of centrosome duplication. Centrosome duplication is the replication of a centrosome, a structure comprised of a pair of centrioles and peri-centriolar material from which a microtubule spindle apparatus is organized.

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state.

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a sensory organ precursor cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.

The controlled self-propelled movement of a cell from one site to a destination guided by molecular cues. Cell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms.

The process in which one or more ubiquitin groups are added to a protein.

The self-renewing division of a stem cell. A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell, in the embryo or adult, that can undergo unlimited division and give rise to one or several different cell types.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, with ubiquitin-protein ligation catalyzed by the anaphase-promoting complex, and mediated by the proteasome.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of ubiquitin groups to a protein.

Any process that affects the structure and integrity of a protein, altering the likelihood of its degradation or aggregation.

Any process that decreases the stability of a protein, making it more vulnerable to degradative processes or aggregation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell, and its separation into two daughter cells.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction.

The first few specialized divisions of an activated animal egg.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a starvation stimulus, deprivation of nourishment.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a stress fiber. A stress fiber is a contractile actin filament bundle that consists of short actin filaments with alternating polarity.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage.

Any apoptotic process in a fibroblast, a connective tissue cell which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase during mitosis, triggered by the activation of the anaphase promoting complex by Cdc20/Sleepy homolog which results in the degradation of Securin.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle.

The addition of COPII proteins and adaptor proteins to ER membranes during the formation of transport vesicles, forming a vesicle coat.

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a virus that act to protect the cell or organism.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of misfolded proteins via a mechanism in which the proteins are transported to the nucleus for ubiquitination, and then targeted to proteasomes for degradation.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins to form the myosin-based thick filaments of myofibrils in striated muscle.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the liver are generated and organized.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the torso signaling pathway.

Any protein polyubiquitination that is involved in nucleus-associated proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process.

A ubiquitin ligase complex in which a cullin from the Cul3 subfamily and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by a BTB-domain-containing protein.

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus.

Any of the spindle microtubules that come from each pole and overlap at the spindle midzone. This interdigitating structure consisting of antiparallel microtubules is responsible for pushing the poles of the spindle apart.

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it.

A microtubule-based flagellum (or cilium) that is part of a sperm, a mature male germ cell that develops from a spermatid.

A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm.

A ubiquitin ligase complex in which a cullin from the Cul3 subfamily and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by a BTB-domain-containing protein.

A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.

Any of the spindle microtubules that come from each pole and overlap at the spindle midzone. This interdigitating structure consisting of antiparallel microtubules is responsible for pushing the poles of the spindle apart.

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

A microtubule-based flagellum (or cilium) that is part of a sperm, a mature male germ cell that develops from a spermatid.

A protein complex that includes a ubiquitin-protein ligase and enables ubiquitin protein ligase activity. The complex also contains other proteins that may confer substrate specificity on the complex.

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

A ubiquitin ligase complex in which a cullin from the Cul3 subfamily and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by a BTB-domain-containing protein.

A ubiquitin ligase complex in which a cullin from the Cul4 family and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by an adaptor protein.

A ubiquitin ligase complex in which a cullin from the Cul4 family and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by an adaptor protein.

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions.

Any of the spindle microtubules that come from each pole and overlap at the spindle midzone. This interdigitating structure consisting of antiparallel microtubules is responsible for pushing the poles of the spindle apart.

A ubiquitin ligase complex in which a cullin from the Cul3 subfamily and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by a BTB-domain-containing protein.

A ubiquitin ligase complex in which a cullin from the Cul5 subfamily and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by an elongin-BC adaptor and a SOCS/BC box protein.

A microtubule-based flagellum (or cilium) that is part of a sperm, a mature male germ cell that develops from a spermatid.